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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/volapukeasymethoOOIind 


VQLAPIJK  J® 

'i  UyAd 

f Acquiring  the  f ' / / ( 


An  Easy  Method  of  Acqi: 


Universal  Language 


CONSTRUCTED  BY 

JOHANN  MARTIN  SCHLEYER 


PREPARED  FOR  THE  ENGLISH-SPEAKING  PUBLIC 

ON  THE  BASIS  OF 


ALFRED  KIR CHIIOFF’S  HILFSBUCH 


With  the  addition  of  a Key  to  the  Exercises  and  a Volapuk-English 
and  English-Volapuk  Vocabulary 


BY 

KLAS  AUGUST  LINDERFELT 

Librarian  of  the  Milwaukee  Public  Library 


MILWAUKEE 
C.  N.  CASPAR.  H.  H.  ZAHN. 
1888 

0 


Copy  righted  1887,  by  C.  N.  CASPAR  & H.  H.  ZAHN 


H.  H.  ZAHN  & CO.. 
PRINTERS  AND  STEREOTYPERS, 
MILWAUKEE. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Introduction  .....  5 

Alphabet,  Pronunciation  and  Accent  . . .9 

Chapter  I — Articles  and  Cases  . . . 1 1 

Exercise  I . . . . .13 

Chapter  II  — Personal  Pronouns  and  Verbal  endings, 

Genders,  Infinitives,  Negations  . . 13 

Exercise  II  . . . .15 

Chapter  III  — Feminine  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronomi- 
nal Inflections,  Reflexive,  Possessive,  Demon- 
strative and  Relative  Pronouns,  Comparison, 
Cardinal  Numerals  . . . lfi 

Exercise  III  . . . .21 

Chapter  IV  — Questions,  Diminutives,  Augment- 

atives,  Interrogative  Pronouns  and  Adverbs  21 
Exercise  IV  . . . .24 

Chapter  V — Verb  Tenses,  Adverbs  of  Definite  Time 

and  of  Place  ....  25 

Exercise  V . . . .27 

Chapter  VI  — Passive  Voice,  Binary  Numbers,  Neg- 
ative Derivatives  ....  28 

Exercise  VI  . . . .31 

Chapter  VII  — Imperative  Mode,  Ordinal,  Iterative 

and  Fractional  Numerals,  Time  by  Hour  32 
Exercise  VII  . . . .34 


Chapter  VIII — Subjunctive,  Conditional  and  Dur- 
ative  Mode,  Multiplicative  and  Distributive 
Numerals  .....  35 

Exercise  VIII  . . . . .37 

Chapter  IX  — Participles,  Reflexive  and  Reciprocal 

Verb  Forms  . . . .38 

Exercise  IX  . . . . .41 

Chapter  X — Word  Formation  : Roots,  Compounds, 

Derivatives  ....  4*2 

Exercise  X . . . .46 

Chapter  XI  — Word  Formation  : Derivatives,  continued  47 
Exercise  XI  .....  50 

Chapter  XII  — Order  of  Words,  Treatment  of  Words 

from  Existing  Languages  . . .51 

Exercise  XII  ....  56 

Chapter  XIII  — Hints  and  Cautions  for  Translating 

from  the  English  ....  56 

Exercise  XIII  . . . .61 

Chapter  XIV  — Analysis  of  English  Auxiliary  Verbs  61 
Exercise  XIV  . . . . .65 

Chapter  XV  — Recapitulation  in  Systematic  Arrange- 
ment .....  66 

List  of  Derivative  Prefixes  . . .75 

List  of  Derivative  Suffixes  ...  77 

Example  of  Word  Formation  . . . 80 

Key  to  the  Exercises  . . . .82 

VoLAPUK-English  Vocabulary  ....  91 

ENGLiSH-Volapiik  Vocabulary  . . .112 


INTRODUCTION. 


HE  need  of  a means  of  communication  between  persons  of  different 


nationalities,  unacquainted  with  eacli  other’s  language,  has  been  uni- 
versally felt  and  expressed  for  nearly  200  years,  and  over  fifty  different  at- 
tempts at  solving  the  problem,  by  constructing  an  artificial  language  for 
this  purpose,  have  been  made,  beginning  with  one  by  the  celebrated  Ger- 
man philosopher  Leibniz  about  the  year  1700.  Few,  if  any,  of  these  pro- 
jects, however,  had  any  practical  value,  being  either  “pasigraphic 
systems,  meant  to  be  read  only,  or  languages  accessible  only  to  the  highest 
intellects,  or  simply  some  existing  language  more  or  less  ingeniously  mu- 
tilated.” The  adoption  of  one  of  the  existing  European  idioms  for  inter- 
national intercourse,  as  Latin  was  used  once  among  the  learned,  and 
French  among  diplomats  and  courtiers,  is  also  impossible  for  two  power- 
ful reasons,  national  rivalry  and  the  innumerable  difficulties  that  the  study 
of  all  modern  languages  presents,  depending  on  irregularities,  imperfec- 
tions and  incongruities  of  all  kinds. 

Finally,  in  1879,  after  twenty  years  of  preliminary  studies  of  a large 
number  of  languages,  Johann  Martin  Schleyer,  a Homan  Catholic  priest 
of  Constance  in  Baden,  jmblished  an  outline  of  a logical,  well  arranged 
and  extremely  simple  system  of  international  language,  which  be  named 
Volapiik,  and  which  bids  fair  to  become  what  the  name  indicates,  a 
“ language  of  the  world  Not  that  it  ever  entered  the  mind  of  the 
wildest  enthusiast,  that  Volapiik  would  ever  displace  a single  one  of  the 
idioms  now  existing,  the  only  object  of  its  inventor  being  to  furnish  a 
language,  easily  learned  and  capable  of  expressing  all  kinds  of  ideas  with 
clearness  and  precision,  for  the  social,  commercial  and  intellectual  inter- 
course of  mankind. 

It  is  useless  to  even  refer  to  the  immense  advantages  that  would 
accrue  to  the  merchant,  the  traveler,  the  scientist  and  to  all  seekers  after 
information,  if  such  a language  were  found  satisfactory  enough  to  insure 
its  universal  adoption.  That  Mr.  Schleyer  has  succeeded  immeasurably 


— G — 


better  than  any  of  his  predecessors,  any  one  who  examines  the  structure 
of  Volapiik  must  admit,  and  that  it  is  sufficient  for  the  uses  to  which  it 
may  be  put  has  been  abundantly  proved  by  the  phenomenal  rapidity  with 
which  it  has  spread  to  every  corner  of  the  globe,  since  it  first  began  to 
attract  universal  attention  in  1884.  It  is  not  perfect,  of  course,  and  objec- 
tions may  be  justly  urged  against  some  of  its  rules  and  methods,  but  in  its 
essential  features  it  is  an  ingenious  and  practical  solution  of  a very  diffi- 
cult problem. 

A committee  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  appointed  for 
the  purpose  of  investigating  the  claims  of  Volapiik,  has  recently  submitted 
its  report,  stating  what,  in  the  committee’s  opinion,  an  international 
language  should  be,  and  how  far  Volapiik  meets  these  requirements.  The 
committee  arrived  in  the  main  at  the  following  conclusions  : 

1.  The  orthography  should  be  absolutely  phonetic. 

2.  Every  letter  in  it  should  always  have  the  same  sound. 

3.  This  sound  should  be  one  common  to  all  the  leading  Aryan  lan- 
guages. 

4.  Diphthongs,  digraphs  and  double  consonants  should  all  be  omitted 
as  misleading. 

5.  The  meaning  should  never  depend  on  the  tone,  accent,  quantity  of 
vowels,  nor  rising  and  falling  inflections  of  the  voice. 

G.  The  vowels  should  be  limited  to  the  five  pure  vowels  — a,  e,  i,  o, 
u — pronounced  as  in  Italian,  and  all  impure  or  modified  vowel  sounds 
should  be  discarded. 

7.  In  the  consonantal  scheme,  all  gutturals,  aspirates,  lisps  and 
nasals,  and  likewise  all  double  consonantal  sounds,  should  find  no  place. 

8.  There  should  be  no  diacritical  marks,  even  the  crossing  of  the  t and 
the  dotting  of  the  i should  be  abolished. 

9.  The  committee  estimates  that  at  least  1000  words  are  common,  with 
slight  variations  of  spelling  and  sound,  to  English,  French,  Italian  and 
Spanish,  and  should  form  the  groundwork  of  the  world-language  voca- 
bulary. 

The  committee  finds  that  Volapiik  measures  up  to  the  requirement  in 
Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  7 and  9,  but  falls  short  in  Nos.  3,  6 and  8,  by  reason  of  the 
adoption  of  the  modified  vowels  ii,  6,  ii,  and  “here  lies  perhaps  the 
greatest  fault  of  Volapiik.”  It  will  be  found,  however,  that  the  whole 
structure  of  the  language,  as  framed  by  the  inventor,  rests  on  the  regular  / 


— 7 - 


succession  of  the  vowels  and  that,  for  this  purpose,  five  vowels  would  be 
entirely  insufficient.  The  difficulties  of  pronunciation,  arising  from  the 
use  of  the  so-called  German  Umlauts  are  more  imaginary,  than  real,  and 
although  it  would  be  better  if  their  use  could  have  been  dispensed  with, 
it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  some  other  principle  of  construction  can  be 
devised  by  the  international  congress,  which  the  committee  proposes  to 
call  for  the  purpose,  offering  more  advantages  with  fewer  difficulties. 

The  committee  further  finds  that  the  Yolapuk  grammar  meets  gener- 
ally its  requirements  for  simplicity,  being  without  irregularities  or  ex- 
ceptions and  one  which  can  be  mastered  in  a few  hours’  study.  There  is 
no  trouble  over  genders,  declensions,  comparisons  or  conjugations  ; all  are 
simple,  uniform  and  regular.  But  — and  here  the  committee  strikes 
what  at  first  sight  appears  as  the  greatest  mistake  of  the  inventor  — in 
direct  conflict  with  “what  the  universal  language  must  and  should  be”, 
the  inflections  are  synthetic,  instead  of,  as  is  the  trend  of  modern  word- 
building, analytic.  This  objection  has  been  made  over  and  over  again 
by  linguists  and  philologists  ; but,  as  Prof.  Kerckhoffs  says,  “an  attentive 
study  of  the  grammar  convinced  me  that  a form  les3  synthetic  would 
have  considerably  augmented  the  difficulties,  and  this  objection  is  at  bot- 
tom more  plausible  than  well-founded.  The  analytical  form  of  our 
modern  languages  is  the  product,  not  of  a certain  tendency  of  the  mind 
towards  this  or  that  exterior  form  of  thought,  but  a simple  displacement 
of  the  tonic  accent,  or,  to  speak  more  clearly,  of  the  loss  of  the  intensity 
of  the  secondary  in  favor  of  the  principal  accent.” 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  inventor  has  permitted  himself  to  make 
such  slips  as  the  formation  of  the  cardinal  numerals,  expressing  multiples 
of  ten,  by  adding  the  plural  sign  to  the  units,  instead  of  by  a special  suffix* 
which  is  both  illogical  in  theory  and  awkward  in  practice,  and  that 
he  has  reproduced  in  the  vocabulary  many  of  the  incongruities  and 
anomalies  of  German  word-formation  and  idiomatic  expressions.  The 
Volapuk  Academy,  however,  instituted  by  the  international  Volapiik 
Congress  at  Munich  in  August  1887,  at  which  representatives  from  all 
parts  of  the  world  were  present,  has  the  power  to  remedy  all  shortcomings 
of  this  kind,  and  some  modifications  have,  indeed,  been  made  already  by 
the  decision  of  this  Congress.  The  main  thing  for  the  success  of  the 
movement  is  that  the  decisions  rendered  by  this  supreme  tribunal  shall  be 
accepted  universally  as  the  final  settlement  of  disputed  questions. 


- 8 — 


/ 


It  is  estimated  that  over  one  million  people  are  now  studying  this 
language  in  Germany,  Austria,  France,  Spain,  Italy,  Russia,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium,  Great  Britain,  Syria,  Arabia,  China,  South 
and  Central  America,  and,  within  the  last  six  months,  the  United  States. 
That  under  such  circumstances  all  flaws  will  be  easily  detected,  and  simp- 
lifications suggested  and  effected,  is  but  natural,  as  well  as  desirable. 
Prof.  Kerckhoffs  of  Paris,  in  adapting  the  language  for  use  in  France,  in- 
troduced quite  a number  of  changes,  tending  toward  greater  simplicity  and 
ease  of  application,  which  have  gained  general  approval  even  outside  of 
France. 

The  present  book  has  been  prepared  on  the  basis  of  the  second  edition 
of  the  Volapiik-Hilfsbuch  by  Prof.  KirchhofF  of  the  University  of  Halle, 
but  with  constant  reference  to  all  the  principal  published  works  of 
other  authors,  and  the  methods  of  Prof.  Kerckhoffs  and  the  French 
school  have  been  substituted  for  the  original,  whenever  they  seemed 
to  be  real  improvements  or  be  more  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  of  an  international  tongue.  It  is  a pleasure  to  find  that 
Prof.  KirchhofF  himself,  in  his  fourth  edition,  which  came  to  hand 
when  the  greater  part  of  this  book  was  printed,  has  changed  his 
own  book  in  entire  conformity  with  the  French  practice.  The  needs  of 
English  learners  have  constantly  been  kept  in  view  and  references  to 
other  languages  avoided,  no  other  accomplishment  than  a fair  knowledge 
of  the  rudiments  of  English  grammar  being  necessary  for  thoroughly 
understanding  the  rules  here  laid  down.  .Chapter  12,  13,  14  and  15  are 
entirely  new. 

The  vocabulary  contains  upwards  of  1200  of  the  most  frequently  oc- 
curring words,  including  all  of  those  used  in  the  exercises.  It  is  recom- 
mended, in  studying,  that  additional  exercises  be  made  up  from  the  words 
in  the  vocabulary  and  translated  into  English,  and  afterwards  retrans- 
lated into  Volapiik,  without  reference,  if  possible,  to  the  vocabulary.  If 
the  demand  should  warrant  it,  a second  book  containing  reading  exercises 
and  commercial  correspondence  will  be  published,  as  well  as  a complete 
dictionary,  for  which  the  material  is  already  prepared. 

Milwaukee,  December  1887. 


LINDERFELT. 


Alphabet,  Pronunciation  and  Accent. 

There  are  27  letters  employed  in  the  Volapiik  alphabet, 
viz. : 

8 vowels:  a,  e,  i;  o,  u;  a,  5,  ii. 

19  consonants*  b,  p;  d,  t;  v,  f;  h,  y,  g,  k;  1,  r.  m,  n; 
s,  j,  c,  x,  z. 

The  vowels  are  in  general  pronounced  with  what  is  known 
as  the  continental  ( not  the  English)  sounds,  as  follows  : 


Name  in 

Sign.  Volapiik.  Pronunciation. 


a 

a 

English 

a in  father. 

e 

e 

u 

ai  in  fail  (not  in  fair). 

i 

i 

« 

e in  me,  i in  machine  (not  in  fine). 

0 

0 

u 

o in  no. 

u 

u 

u 

o in  to , u in  pull  (not  in  music). 

a 

(a) 

a 

u 

a in  fare  (German  a). 

0 

(•) 

0 

u 

u in  fur  (German  6). 

ii 

(a) 

u 

French 

u in  plume  (German  ii),  some- 

times  heard  in  the  American  pronun- 
ciation of  popular,  when  sounded  near- 
ly as  if  written  pop  pilar. 


— 10  — 


Consonants  are  pronounced  as  in  English,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  c,  h,  j and  2,  which  require  special  attention,  as  follows: 


Sign. 

Name  in  Volapiik. 

Pronunciation. 

b 

be  (volapiik  e ) 

English  b 

P 

pe 

a 

V 

d 

de 

u 

d 

t 

te 

t. 

t 

V 

ve 

• << 

V 

f 

fe 

u 

f 

h 

he 

u 

h 

y 

ye 

u 

y in  yard 

g 

ge 

u 

g in  get  (not  in 

k 

ke 

u 

k 

1 

le 

u 

l 

r 

re 

u 

r 

m 

me 

u 

m 

n 

ne 

a 

n 

B 

se 

a 

s 

j 

je  (shay) 

u 

sh 

c 

ce  (jay) 

u 

j in  just 

X 

xe  (ksay) 

C; 

x in  box 

z 

ze  (tsay) 

U 

ts  (German  z). 

In  the  universal  alphabet,  constructed  by  the  inventor, 
there  are  ten  other  signs,  used  to  designate  sounds  peculiar 
tc  one  or  the  other  of  the  existing  languages:  a English  a in 
all;  h English  th;  rr  Spanish  rr  in  Sierra  : m,  n French  na- 
sal m,  n ; r\  English  ng  ; f German  sharp  ss  ; j French  j in 
je  ; q German  ch;  ^ English  ch. 

Note.— Mr.  Sehleyer  originally  adopted  h for  expressing  the  sound  of  the  Ger- 
man ch  and  supplied  its  place  by  the  Greek  spiritus  asper,  c.  At  the  general 
Volapiik  congress,  held  in  Munich  Ang.  6—9,  1887,  the  impracticability  of  this 
notation  was  recognized,  h was  restored  to  its  old  power  and  q substituted  for  the 
Germane'/?.  The  vernacular  form  of  Munich,  therefore  when  used  in  Volapiik,  is 
Munqen , not  Miinhen,  as  before;  and  heat  is  written  hit,  not  'it,  as  at  tirst. 


— 11  — 


There  are  no  silent  letters  and  no  diphthongs.  Each  let- 
ter must  be  pronounced  clearly  and  sharply  with  its  own 
proper  sound.  Neit,  night,  is  therefore  pronounced  as  a dis- 
syllable:  ne-it  (nay-eat). 

Every  syllable  is  long,  and  the  accent  is  placed  invariably 
on  the  last  syllable  of  the  word.  Fat,  father,  is  therefore 
pronounced  as  fdt  (faht,  not  like  the  English  word  fat);  fata 
father’s,  as  fata  (fatah) ; das,  that,  as  das  ( dahs , not  like  the 
German  das). 

The  Roman  alphabet  is  the  only  one  used  in  printing,  and 
the  English  in  writing.  The  letters  a,  o,  ti  were,  and  are  some- 
times yet,  printed  and  written  a,  9,  a,  although  it  would 
seem  as  if  the  form  adopted  for  these  new  signs  is  not 
the  best  one  that  might  have  been  devised.  The  capital  let- 
ters of  these  are  either  A,  0,  u,  or  the  same  as  the  other 
form,  enlarged  in  size. 


CHAPTER  I. 

\ olapuk  uses  neither  the  definite  nor  the  indefinite  arti- 
c e.  I he  indefinite  pronoun  sembal,  some  one,  may  be  used 
i f particular  stress  is  to  be  laid  on  the  indefiniteness  : ogetob 
jevah  sembal,  I shall  get  a horse,  some  horse  or  another. 

There  are  four  cases,  distinguished  by  case  endings,  which 
are  the  same  for  all  classes  of  words,  when  declined.  These 
cases  are  the 

Subjective,  formed  by  the  root  itself, 

Possessive,  formed  by  adding  a, 

Dative,  (indirect  objective),  formed  by  adding  e, 

Accusative,  (direct  objective),  formed  by  adding  i. 


— 12  — 


The  plural  is  formed  in  all  words  by  adding  s.  The  de- 
clension of  a substantive  is  therefore  as  follows  : 

SINGULAR  PLURAL 

Subj.  fat  the  father  fats  the  fathers 

Poss.  fata  the  father’s  fatas  the  fathers’ 

Dat.  fate  to  (for)  the  father  fates  to  (for)  the  fathers 

Accus.  fati  the  father  fatis  the  fathers. 

Note. — Since  there  are  in  English  virtually  only  two  cases,  except  in  a few  pro- 
nouns, it  becomes  necessary  to  carefully  distinguish  whether  a word  in  an  English 
sentence  is  the  subject,  the  direct  object,  or  the  indirect  object,  in  order  to  give  it 
the  proper  expression  in  Volapiik,  the  possessive  case  always  being  unmistakable. 
Note  the  difference,  for  instance,  between  the  power  of  “the  man’’  in  the  two  sen- 
tences : send  the  man  away  and  send  the  man  his  book , the  preposition  to  or  for  being 
often  omitted  from  the  indirect  object.  The  former  sentence  in  Yolapiik  would  be 
mosedolod  mani , the  latter  sedolod  mane  buki  omik. 

The  vocative  is  formed,  as  in  English,  by  using  the  sub- 
jective case,  generally  with  the  interjection  0 preceding  it, 
and  an  exclamation  mark  following  : Mans  obik ! or  0 mans 
obik,  My  men ! 

Prepositions  are  followed  invariably  by  the  subjective 

case. 

Note.— This  is  in  accordance  with  the  usage  among  the  French  Volapiikists. 
Schleyer  made  an  exception  in  favor  of  some  18  prepositions  governing  theaccusa- 
tive  case,  whenever  they  express  a motion  in  a certain  direction  ; thus  making  a 
distinction  between  in  jvl  in  the  school,  and  in  juli  into  the  school.  This 
undoubtedly  will  appear  as  a necessity  to  a person  accustomed  lo  the  German 
idioms,  but  is  unnatural  to  a Frenchman  or  an  Englishman,  and  practically 
useless. 

Words  in  the  possessive  case  are  generally  placed  after  the 
governing  noun. 


binom  (he)  is 
badik  bad 
gudik  good 
fat  father 
mot  mother 


VOCABULARY. 

gad  garden 
gadel  gardner 
dog  (dohg)  dog 
man  (mahn)  man 
gletik  great,  large 


13  — 


lobom  (he)  praises 
lonom  (he)  belongs 
al  to  (motion  towards) 


buk  book 
neif  knife 
lob  praise 


cil  child 


lobom  (he)  has 


jul  school 
julel  scholar 
son  (sohn)  son 
domo  at  home 
e (before  vowels  ed)  and 
i (before  vowels  id)  also 
u (before  vowels  ud)  or 


EXERCISE  I. 


1.  Binom  badik.  2,  Fat  binoru  gudik.  3.  Fat  e mot  binoms  gudik. 
4.  Cil  labom  buki.  5.  Neif  lonom  gadele.  6.  Dog  mana  binom  gletik. 
7.  Julel  labom  bukis  e neifis.  8.  Loboms  sonis  mana,  (mark  the  difference 
if  it  reads:  Loboms  sons  mani).  9.  Buks  lonoms  mote  cilas.  10.  Fat 
binom  domo  ed  i mot.  11.  Julels  binoms  in  gad  ud  in  jul.  12.  O fat, 
neifs  lonoms  sones  gadela. 


1.  The  praise  of  the  father  is  great.  2.  The  books  of  the  scholars  are 
good.  3.  He  praises  the  gardner’s  sons.  4.  The  knife  belongs  to  the  fa- 
ther and  mother;  it  also  belongs  to  the  sons.  5.  O mother,  the  men  are 
bad!  6.  They  have  knives  and  books  also.  7.  The  gardner’s  father  has 
the  mother’s  dog.  8.  The  scholars  are  in  the  garden  and  have  the  man’s 
dogs.  9.  The  gardner’s  sons  are  at  home  or  in  the  father’s  garden.  10. 
The  books  belong  to  the  men.  11.  Father  and  mother  praise  the  gard- 
ner’s children.  12.  The  scholars  have  the  books  in  school. 


The  conjugation  of  a verb  is  effected  by  affixing  the  per- 
sonal pronouns  at  the  end  of  the  verb  stem.  Lobom , he  prai- 
ses, for  instance,  is  literally  “praise  he”,  om  signifying  “he”. 

From  the  stem  of  the  verb  “have”,  which  in  Volapiik  be- 
comes lab , by  reason  of  the  aversion  to  the  sound  of  “h” 


CHAPTER  II. 


— 14  — 


existing  in  the  speech  of  many  nations,  are  thus  derived 
the  following  forms: 


labob  I have  (ob  I) 
labol  thou  hast  ( ol  thou) 
labom  he  has  (om  he) 

labof  she  has  (of  she) 
labos  it  has  (os  it) 
labon  one  has  (on  one) 


labobs  we  have  (obs  we) 

labols  ye  have  (ols  ye) 

laboms  they  have  (oms  they, 
masc  ) 

labof s they  have  ( ofs  they,  fern.) 
labons  you  have  (ons  you) 


Note.  - The  English  “you”  having  usurped  the  functions  of  both  “thou”  and 
“ye”,  observe  that  in  Volapuk  ons  represents  a polite  “you,”  whether  addressed  to 
one  or  more  persons,  ol  the  “you”  of  familiar  intercourse  to  one  person  and  ols  to 
two  or  more  persons.  The  ons  is,  however,  of  doubtful  value  and  might  as  well  be 
dropped,  the  English  usage  having  amply  demonstrated  that  one  form  of  address 
may  be  employed  to  everybody,  without  giving  offense  to  anyone,  though  keeping 
a sharp  distinction  between  the  singular  ol  and  the  plural  ols  is  indispensable  to 
clearness.  At  the  Volapuk  congress  in  Munich,  it  was  decided  to  discourage  the 
use  of  the  form  in  ons. 


In  Volapiik,  as  in  English,  there  are  no  genders,  except 
where  there  is  a natural  distinction  of  sex.  The  ending  om 
is  used,  when  the  subject  is  of  the  masculine,  the  common, 
or  the  neuter  gender,  as  fat  binom  gudik , neif  binom  gudik . 
The  endings  o/and  ofs  have  reference  exclusively  to  females, 
as  mot  labof , mots  labofs.  The  ending  os  is  used  only  when 
the  subject  is  impersonal  or  neutral  as  binos  gudik  it  is  well, 
nifos  it  is  snowing,  vilon  binos  kanon  “to  be  willing  is  to  be 
able”,  will  is  power.  The  ending  on  denotes  an  indefinite 
person  or  persons  as  the  subject,  as  sagon  they  say,  it  is  said. 

The  infinitive  ending  is  on,  as  labon  to  have. 

The  negation  (no  not)  is  generally  placed  before  the  verb; 
“he  has  not”  is  therefore  no  labom . “Do  not”,  “don’t”,  etc., 
is  expressed  by  the  simple  negation,  with  the  proper  form  of 
the  principal  verb  : no  golom  he  does  not  go,  no  logobs  we 
don’t  see. 


— 15  — 


l 


VOCABULARY, 


lofbn  to  love 
yag  chase 
yagon  to  hunt 
yagel  hunter 
stag  stag,  deer 
liev  (two  syll.)  hare 
kuk  kitchen 
kukon  to  cook 
kukel  cook  (masc.) 
ya  already 
denu  again 
sup  (soop)  soup 
men , man  (in  the  mean- 
ing of  a human  being; 
man,  as  distinguished 
from  woman,  is  man ) 


juton  shoot 

ab  but 

dlefon  to  hit 

logon  see 

dom  house 

lilon  hear 

tot  thunder 

golon  go 

dut  industry 

dutik  industrious 

das  that  (conjunction) 

saun  (two  syll.)  health 

saunik  sound,  healthy 

tid  teaching,  doctrine 

tidon  teach 

tidel  teacher 


EXERCISE  II. 


1.  No  lofobs  yagi.  2.  Yagel  jutora  stagis  e lievis.  3.  Mot  kukof  denu 
supicile.  4.  Yagels  laboms  dogis.  5.  Jutob,  ab  no  dlefob.  6.  Logon 
ya  domis  e manis.  7.  Lilol  toti.  8.  Sons  goloms  al  jul;  binoms  dutik, 
9.  Lilob,  das  no  binons  saunik.  10.  Lobols  sauni  menas.  11.  Tidel  ti- 
dom  cilis.  12.  Lobon  duti  julelas. 


1.  The  men  hunt  the  deer.  2.  Mother  is  again  in  good  health  (healthy), 
she  is  in  the  kitchen.  3.  Mothers  love  the  children.  4.  You  shoot  (thou 
shootest),  but  you  do  not  hit  (thou  hittest  not)  the  hare.  5.  It  is  well, 
that  we  do  not  hear  the  thunder.  6.  You  (ye)  hear  the  teaching.  7. 
The  son  is  in  good  health  again,  but  he  does  not  go  to  (in)  school.  8. 
The  soup  of  the  cook  is  poor  (bad).  9.  Men  (all  mankind)  love  dogs. 
10.  They  (meaning  women ) are  good.  11.  0 scholars,  you  are  not  indus- 
trious ! 12.  You  ( politely ) see  the  father’s  house. 


— 16  — 


CHAPTER  III. 


The  word,  which  expresses  the  fundamental  idea  of  a large 
group  of  words  belonging  together  as  derivatives,  is  as  a rule 
monosyllabic,  as  tid  or  yag , consisting  of  a vowel  enclosed  be- 
tween two  consonants.  The  same  root  is  used  as  the  stem 
of  the  corresponding  verb,  the  infinitive  of  which  is  formed 
by  adding  on;  while  the  noun  indicating  the  person  who 
performs  the  action  designated  by  the  verb,  is  formed  by 
adding  the  suffix  el: 

m 

tid  teaching  yag  the  hunt  kuk  kitchen 

tidon  teach  yag  on  to  hunt  kukon  to  cook 

tidel  teacher  y^gel  hunter  kukel  the  cook 


Note.— The  ending  el  is  the  English  er , the  letter  r being,  as  usual  in  Volaptik, 
exchanged  for  l (e.  g.  bil  beer),  in  order  to  facilitate  its  pronunciation  for  those 
people  who,  like  the  Chinese,  either  cannot  articulate  an  r at  all,  or  do  so  with 
difficulty. 


Nouns  denoting  females  are  formed  from  the  masculine 
by  prefixing  ji  : 


stcig  stag 
gok  cock 
jit  male  fish 
son  son 
pul  boy 
tidel  teacher 
vobel  laborer 


jistdg  hind 
jig  ok  hen 
jifit  female  fish 
jison  daughter 
jipul  girl 

jitidel  female  teacher 
jivobel  laboring  woman 


Note.— Before  the  Munich  congress,  there  was  a second  feminine  form  used, 
distinguished  by  the  prefix  of-,  a hyphen  being  used  with  either  prefix.  Ji - was 
employed  to  designate  what  a female  being  is  by  nature  or  has  become  by  marriage, 
of-  to  show  the  calling,  office  or  occupation  of  a woman,  or  that  she  is  unmarried  ; 
as ji-pul  young  bride,  o/*p«Jgirl;  ji-tidel  teacher’s  wife,  of -tidel  female  teacher. 
This  distinction  was  never  accepted,  however,  by  the  French  Volapukists,  who 
have  so  far  formed  all  feminines  by  prefixing  of-:  of -pul,  instead  of  jipul. 


— 17  — 


Some  feminine  nouns  of  frequent  occurrence  have  a 
form,  derived  from  a root  independent  of  the  corresponding 
masculine : 

vom  woman  lad  lady  mot  mother 

(jiman)  ( jisdl ) (jifaO 

All  adjectives  are  formed  by  adding  ik  to  the  correspond- 
ing noun,  (or  sometimes  lik,  nik , or  sik , when  a differentia- 
tion of  meaning  requires  more  than  one  adjective  from  the 
same  root). 

gud  goodness  saun  health  yun  youth 

gudik  good  saunik  sound  yunik  young 

gudlik  kind  yunlik  youthful 

Adjectives  can  be  changed  into  nouns  by  adding  the 
personal  ending  el,  as  gudikel  the  good  one,  saunikel  a healthy 
person,  or  the  neutral  os,  as  gudikos  the  good  (everything 
good).  If  indispensable  for  clearness,  they  may  then  receive 
the  feminine  prefix  : jimalddikel  a sick  woman. 

The  adjectives  (and  numerals)  are  regularly  placed 
after  their  noun,  following  the  principle  that  the  essential 
precedes  the  incidental,  and  in  this  position  are  not  de- 
clined, as  in  English.  If,  however,  special  emphasis  is  to  be 
laid  on  the  adjective,  it  is  placed  before  the  noun  it  modi- 
! fies  and  receives  then  the  same  endings  as  its  noun,  e.  g. 
i yagels  gudik  good  hunters,  gudiks  yagels  good  hunters, 

! yagela  gudik  or  gudika  yagela  a good  hunter’s.  An  adjective 
after  its  noun  may  also  be  declined,  in  order  to  prevent  am- 
biguity, if  it  is  separated  from  the  noun  by  a number  of  in- 
tervening words. 

Pronouns  are  declined  in  the  same  manner  as  nouns, 
adjectives  and  numerals,  as  for  instance  : 


— 18  — 


ob  I 


obs  we 


on  one  bal  one 


oba  of  me  obas  of  us 

obe  to  me  obes  to  us 

obi  me  obis  us 


(French  on)  (numeral) 

ona  of  one  bala  of  one 

one  to  one  bale  to  one 

oni  one  bali  one 


oni  one 


In  addition  to  the  personal  pronouns,  enumerated  on 
page  14,  there  is  also  a reflexive  pronoun  for  the  third  per- 
son, ok , oks , expressed  in  English  by  adding  -self  to  the 
regular  personal  pronoun  : dsagom  oke  he  said  to  himself, 
(dsagom  ome  he  said  to  him,  somebody  else).  It  must  be 
employed,  whenever  “him”,  “her”  or  “them”  refers  to  the 
same  person  who  is  the  subject  of  the  sentence,  and  only 
then. 

The  possessive  pronouns  are  formed  from  the  personal 
by  affixing  the  adjective  ending  ik.  They  are  subject  to  the 
same  rules  as  adjectives,  and  are  as  follows  : 
obik  my  obsik  our 

olik  thy  olsik  your 

omik  his  or  its  omsik  their  (if  not  female  own- 


okik  his  or  her  own  (reflexive)  oksik  their  own  (reflexive) 

In  order  to  avoid  too  frequent  repetition  of  wordsending 
in  iky  it  is  allowable,  however,  to  use  the  possessive  case  of 
the  personal  pronouns,  instead  of  the  corresponding  posses- 
sive pronoun.  Thus,  instead  of  tidel  olik  gudik  vour  good 
teacher,  it  is  better  to  say  tidel  ola  gudik ; instead  of  lofoms 
tideli  oksik  gudik  they  love  their  (own)  good  teacher,  better 
tideli  okas  gudik . 


ers  exclusively  are 
indicated) 


ofik  hers 

onik  one’s  (some  one’s) 


ofsik  their  (denoting  females) 
onsik  your  (in  polite  address) 


— 19 


The  demonstrative  and  relative  pronouns  can  receive 
the  feminine  ending  of,  and  the  neutral  os,  when  necessary 
to  express  the  meaning  unmistakably,  but  otherwise  the 
simple  form  is  used  for  all  genders  : 

at  this  et  that  Jcel  who,  which 

atof  this  woman  etof  kelof 

atos  this  thing  etos  kelos 

it  self  ; of  the  same  ; ut  the  one  (only  as  noun). 

For  the  ambiguity  of  the  English  sentence  “the  mother 
of  this  gentleman,  whom  you  have  seen,”  for  instance,  we 
have  in  Volapiik  mot  sola  at,  Mi  elogol  or  Mofi  elogol. 

The  ending  a of  the  possessive  case  serves  also  to 
compound  words,  where  the  English  language  generally  uses 
a noun  adjectively,  as  kulcaneif  kitchen  knife,  iulabuk  school 
book,  Volapulc,  world  (world’s)  language. 

The  comparative  degree  is  formed  by  affixing  the  ending 
um,  the  superlative  vn,  and  adverbs  by  adding  o.  These 
endings  may  be  attached  to  substantives  and  participles,  as 
well  as  to  adjectives: 

\gudik  good  gudiko  well  spalol  sparing 

gudikuiii  better  gudikumo  better  spalolum  more  sparing 

(in  a better  manner)  & 

gudikun  best  gudikuno  best  spaldlim  most  sparing 

(in  the  best  manner)  13 

The  units  of  the  numerals  all  end  in  l,  and  can  be  de- 
clined in  the  usual  way,  if  necessary,  but  can  never  receive 
the  plural  ending  s: 

bal  one  tel  two  Ml  three  fol  four  lid  five 

mdi  six  vel  seven  jol  eight  ml  nine  nosanum  zero 

The  multiples  with  ten  are  the  plurals  of  these  : 
bale  ten,  tela  twenty,  kila  thirty,  etc. 


— 20  — 


VOCABULARY. 


tim  time 
jonik  beautiful 
K/life 
lolik  whole 
blod  brother 
bil  beer 
nog  still,  yet 
plu  more 
ka  than 
vin  wine 
nok  uncle 

vilon  be  willing,  wish,  want 
mekon  make 
sprit  walk  (for  p*easure) 
spaton  or  spat  mekon , take 
a walk 

del  day 
adelo  today 

ko  ( ke  before  another  o)  with 

Mod  belief,  faith 

klbdon  believe 

tikon  think 

beatik  happy,  blessed 

baled  age 

bdledik  old 

kat  cat 

bum  building  (the  act) 
bumot  building  ("erected) 
bumon  build 


masel  master 
is  here 
us  there 

de  of,  out  of,  from 
sis  since  (preposition) 
siso  since  (conjunction) 
cem  room 

ibo  for  (conjunction) 
stok  story  (of  a house) 
lopo  above 
lopik  upper 
sibinon  to  be,  exist 
diso  below 
disik  lower 
givbn  give 
doab  dollar 

mak  mark  (German  money) 
fidon  eat 

viliko  willingly,  with  pleasure 

peil  pea 

apod  apple 

bun  pear 

bad  an  evil 

badlik  bad 

deb  debt,  guilt 

si  yes 

maladik  sick 
smalik  small 
modiJc  much,  many 


— 21  — 


EXERCISE  III. 

1.  Yun  binom  tim  jonikiin  lifa  lolik.  2.  Blod  olik  loforn  bili  nog  plu 
ka  yini.  3.  Kukel  noka  obsik  kukom  vinasupi  gudikum  ka  jikukel  olsik. 
4.  Jiblods  obik  vilofs  mekdn  adelo  spati  gletik  ke  ols  e ko  mot  olsik.  5. 
Klodon  atosi,  keli  logon,  e klod  mekom  menis  beatik.  6.  Baled  bu- 
mota  at,  keli  logoi  is,  binom  gletikum  ka  tikon.  7.  Sis  dels  tel  logob  us  in 
gad  jikati  biiledik  gadela  olsik  kokats  kil  smalik.  8.  Dom,  keli  bumama- 
sel  bumom  obes,  labom  cemis  mddikum  ka  olik,  ibo  in  stok  disik  cems 
lul  gletik  sibinomsed  in  stok  lopik  cems  fol  smalikum,  abjoniks.  9 Jison 
tidela  olsik,  kelofe  dom  et  lonom,  givof  doabis  kil  obe  e doabi  bal  jiblode 
okik.  10.  Fidobs  vilikumo  apodis,  ab  vilikuno  biinis.  11.  Blodomayu- 
nikum  labom  badlikis  debis.  12.  Mans  at  binoma  nogyunlik,  ab  no  ets. 


1.  The  greatest  of  evils  is  the  guilt.  2.  Blessed  are  they  who  believe. 
3.  We  take  a walk  today  with  our  lady  teacher,  whose  brother  you  (thou) 
see  over  there.  4.  I give  her  the  beautiful  books,  that  (which)  belong  to 
her.  5.  I heal,  that  your  younger  sister  is  sick.  6.  Yes;  it  is  five  days  since 
the  invalid  stopped  [djdto/ ) going  (to  go)  to  school.  7.  My  aunt  has 
three  small  male  dogs  and  one  female;  two  of  these  dogs  she  wants  to  give 
to  our  hunter.  8.  The  kitchen  is  in  the  top  (uppermost)  story  of  that 
house,  not  in  the  lower;  father  has  his  room  above,  our  old  uncle  below. 
9.  His  mother  wishes  to  eat  today  in  this  small  garden  room.  10.  Our 
architect  ( transl . buildingmaster)  does  not  want  to  build  a school  again 
in  his  whole  life.  11.  Pea  soup  our  (female)  cook  cooks  the  best,  but  she 
does  not  like  to  make  it  ( transl . she  does  not  make  it  willingly).  12.  I 
do  not  take  a walk  today,  for  I have  not  the  time. 


CHAPTER  IT. 

A question  is  indicated  by  adding  to  the  verb  the  inter- 
rogative syllable  li , accompanied  by  a hyphen  and  always 
placed  in  front. 

Note.  In  the  first  and  third  person  singular  -li  is  sometimes  placed  after  the 
verb;  but  without  receiving  the  accent,  as  binom-li  ? is  he? 


22  — 


In  sentences  commencing  with  interrogative  pronouns 
or  adverbs  (who?  what?  why  ? how  ? etc.),  the  syllable  li  is 
omitted  as  unnecessary. 

If  the  subject  of  the  sentence  is  a noun,  it  precedes  the 
verb,  contrary  to  the  English  usage,  as  fat  li-binom  gudik  ? 
is  the  father  good  ? It  the  question  should  contain  no  verb, 
the  li  is  joined  to  the  principal  word,  as  li-Karl?  Charles? 
li-si  u li-no  ? Yes  or  No  ? 

The  same  syllable  without  hyphen  is  employed  for  the 
formation  of  many  interrogative  adjectives  and  adverbs,  in- 
stead of  lioy  how,  which  may  also  be  used  independently 
with  adjectives  or  adverbs,  as  : 


mddo  much  (adverb) 
modik  much  (adj.),  many 
fag  distance  (in  place) 
fuden  future 
suno  soon 
gletik  large 


limodo  how  much  ? 
limodik  how  much,  how  many  ? 
lifagik  how  far  distant? 
lifudenik  how  near  (in  time)  ? 
lisuno  how  soon  ? 
ligletik  how  large  ? 


When  “how”  stands  alone  as  an  interrogative,  without 
being  followed  by  an  adjective  or  adverb,  liko  is  used  instead 
of  lio , as  liko  binos  ? how  is  it  ? 

Diminutives,  often  used  as  terms  of  endearment,  are 
formed  by  affixing  il  as  an  integral  part  of  the  root,  as  motil 
little  mother  (mother  dear),  blukil  brooklet,  Karlil  Charley. 

A diminutive,  with  the  associated  idea  of  inferiority  or 
meanness,  is  formed  by  prefixing  In . The  prefix  le  has  the 
opposite  effect  of  exalting  the  person  or  thing  expressed  by 
the  original  word,  as  : 


— 23 


sol  sir,  Mr.  hat  hat 

lusbl  lordling  luhat  cap 

lesol  great  lord  lehcit  helmet 


dom  house 
ludom  cottage 
ledom  palace 


jonik  beautiful  vomik  womanly  fidon  eat 
lejonik  exceeding-  luvomik  womanish  lufidon  devour,  eat 
ly  beautiful  (said  of  animals.) 

If,  however,  there  is  no  diminution  in  degree  or  qual- 
ity, but  it  is  desired  to  express  the  idea  of  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent thing,  that  is  merely  small  in  comparison  with  a lar- 
ger cognate  object,  the  prefix  sma  (derived  from  smalik 
small)  is  used,  as  : 

him  tree  bed  bed  zigad  cigar 

smabim  bush  smabed  nest  smazigad  cigarette 

The  interrogative  pronouns  are  : 


From  these  are  derived  other  interrogative  pronouns  and 
adverbs  : 


The  complements  of  time,  weight,  measure,  price,  etc*, 
are  not  to  be  considered  as  objects  in  a sentence,  but  merely 
as  adverbial  expressions.  They  must,  therefore,  be  rendered 
by  the  subjective,  not  the  accusative,  case,  as  ebinobs  in  Yu- 
lopyels  kil  we  have  been  three  years  in  Europe. 


Nouns 

masc.  kim  who  ? 
fern,  kif  who? 
neut.  kis  what  ? 


Adjectives 


kiom  which  ? what  ? 
kiof  which  ? what  ? 
kios  which  ? what  ? 


kimik  what  kind  of  a ? ki'op  where  ? 

kimiko  in  what  manner  ? kiiip  when  ? 

kirrma  how  many  times  ? kikod  why  ? 


— 24  — 


VOCABULARY. 


godel  morning 

zif  city 

o what ! 

isik  situated  here 

stadon  to  be  (as  regards 

pukbn  speak 

health) 

vol  world 

lofik  dear,  beloved 

kostbn  to  cost 

danon  to  thank 

nulik  new 

beno  well 

Margareiil  Maggie 

lebeno  very  well 

so  so 

stom  weather 

hetlik  ugly 

but  boot 

bod  bird 

jeval  horse 

smokon  to  smoke 

jevalel  cavalry-man 

lodon  inhabit,  dwell  in 

moniton  to  ride 

su  on 

monitel  horseman 

lab  happiness 

plidon  please,  be  pleasing 

labik  happy 

glug  church 

vedon  become 

lemon  buy 

ba  probably,  I suppose  (in 
doubting  questions  etc.) 

EXERCISE  IV. 

1.  Godeli  gudik!  0,  li-nog  in 

bed?  Liko  stadol,  sol  oba  lofik?  2. 

Danob  oli,  lebeno;  eli-ol?  3.  Li 

-vilol  spaton  adelo?  4.  Stom  li-binom 

jonik?  5.  Kiop  buts  obikbinoins?  6.  Li-logols  jevali  et,  keli  jevalel 
monitom  ? 7.  Monitels  li-plidoms  ofe  plu  ka  yagels?  8.  Jiblods  olik 
no  li-golofs  al  gliig.  9.  Kiop  lemon  hatis  e luhatis  gudikiin  in  zif  isik  ? 
10.  Kisi  jevals  olas  modik  lufidoms?  11.  Mens  limodik  pukoms  vola- 
piiki?  12.  Juleli  kiom  tidel  lobom  modikiino? 


1.  Does  this  little  book  belong  to  you?  Yes  or  no?  2.  Who  does  not 
willingly  go  to  church  ? 3.  Does  not  the  teacher  praise  the  industry  of 
the  boys?  4.  How  much  costs  your  new  hat?  5.  It  costs  six  or  seven 
dollars;  and  yours,  my  lady?  6.  How  large  are  the  helmets,  which  these 


— 25  — 


cavalry-men  have  ? 7.  Anna  is  a very  beautiful  girl  and  so  womanly; 
her  sister  Maggie  also,  I suppose?  8.  Maggie?  O no!  She  is  ugly  and 
old-womanish.  9.  The  weather  is  getting  ( transl . becomes)  bad;  do  you 
(ye)  iiear  the  thunder  ? 10.  We  see  six  birds-nests  on  the  trees  of  your 

(thy)  uncle’s  garden  and  one  yonder  on  the  bush.  11.  Does  your  fa- 
ther smoke  cigars  or  cigarettes?  12.  What  is  happiness  ! Is  he  happier 
who  lives  in  a palace,  or  he  who  lives  in  a cottage  ? 


CHAPTER  Y. 


All  the  tenses  of  a verb,  except  the  present  of  the  active 
voice,  are  formed  by  vowel  prefixes,  namely  : 

Present  lofob  I love 

Past  alofob  I loved 

Present  perfect  elbfob  I have  loved 

Past  perfect  il'dfob  I had  loved 

Future  olbfob  I shall  love 

Future  perfect  ulofob  I shall  have  loved 

The  same  vowel  prefixes  are  used  to  express  the  various 
stages  of  the  past  and  the  future  in  adverbs  denoting  time, 
a serving  to  indicate  the  present  : 


sign  a 


o 

u 


yel  year 

yelo  by  the  year 
ayelo  this  year 
clyelo  last  year 
eydo  year  before  last 

iyelo  three  years  ago 
oyelo  next  year 
uyelo  year  after  next 


godd  morning 

gbddoin  the  morning,  “mornings” 
ag'ddelo  this  morning 
dgoddo  yesterday  morning 
egbdelo  day  before  yesterday 
morning 

igodelo  three  mornings  ago 
ogbdelo  tomorrow  morning 
ugodelo  day  after  tomorrow 
morning 


— 26  — 


In  the  same  manner  are  used:  mul  month,  vig  week,  del 
day,  zendel  noon,  buzendel  forenoon,  pozendel  afternoon,  vendel 
evening,  neit  night,  etc. 

The  endings  for  the  different  persons  are  the  personal 
pronouns,  as  already  stated  on  page  14. 

Adverbs  of  place,  when  they  express  motion,  receive 
the  possessive-case  ending  a to  denote  motion  from,  and  the 
accusative-case  ending  i to  denote  motion  toward , as  : 

is  here  isa  hence  isi  hither 

us  there  usa  thence  usi  thither 

hidp  where  kwpa  whence  kiopi  whither 

The  same  phrases  may  be  expressed  by  the  prepositions 
de  and  al : de  is  from  here,  al  is  to  this  place,  which  is  the 
only  form  permitted  by  the  French  Volapukists. 

The  interrogative  adverbs  beginning  with  ki  change  this 
syllable  to  kel,  when  they  are  used  as  relatives  in  a subordi- 
nate clause,  as  kioplodol?  where  do  you  live?,  hut  zifkelop 
Ibdol  the  city  where  you  live;/a£  oma  kiilp  akomom ? when 
did  his  father  come?,  but  del  kelupfat  omik  akomom  they  day 
his  father  came. 

Note.  This  relative  form  is  also  rejected  by  Volapukists  of  the  French  school, 
who  use  the  interrogative  in  all  positions,  or  supplant  them  with  conjunctions. 

Capital  letters  are  used  only  in  proper  nouns , not  ad- 
jectives, and  in  the  beginning  of  a sentence. 


VOCABULARY. 


lemasel  great  master 
poed  poem 
poedel  poet 
poedal  great  poet 


kbmon  come 

se  out  of  (denoting  source) 
pab  butterfly 
lupab  caterpillar 


— 27  — 


Deut  Germany 

suno  soon 

deutik  German 

sosus  as  soon  as 

deutel  a German 

plo  ( pie  before  an  o ) for 

Flent  France 

hotel  waiter 

flentik  French 

blinon  bring,  take  to 

jlentel  Frenchman 

foviko  at  once 

Lusan  Russia 

kaf  coffee 

lusdnik  Russian 

sagon  say,  tell 

lusanel  a Russian 

snek  snake 

milagon  admire 

fit  fish 

ven  when  (conjunctive  adv.) 

Ian  land 

tdvon  travel 

bizugik  excellent 

dunan  servant 

bizugon  prefer 

dunel  domestic  servant 

tied  tea 

geton  get 

lufat  stepfather 

pir  pyramid 

smacem  chamber 

A gupdn  Egypt 

bi  because 

dgilpdnel  an  Egyptian 

Jveiz  Switzerland 

vomiil  young  lady,  Miss 

jveizel  a Swiss 

menad  humanity  (all 

vob  work 

mankind) 


EXERCISE  V. 

1.  Goethe  binomed  obinom  lemasel  poedadeutik.  2.  Blod  olik  li-emila- 
gora  gliigabumis  lejonik  in  Flent,  Deut  e Lusan,  ven  atavoin  us?  8. 
Diinan  li-igivorn  bukis  bumamasele?  4.  No,  sol;  ab  ogivora  omis 
ome,  sosus  ugetom  it  omis.  5.  Li-elogols  piris  Agiipiina?  6.  Si,  vo- 
miil,  elogobs  omis;  esagon,  das  binoms  bumots  baledikiin  menada, 
7.  Volapuk  li-ovedom  puk  vola  lolik?  8.  Kiopa  (or  De  kiop)  ako- 
mols?  Kiopi  (or  A1  kiop)  golds?  9.  Se  lupab,  keli  alogol  adelo  in  gad 
obsik,  pab  ovedom  suno.  10.  Jibotel  oblinof  foviko  kafi  ole,  sosus  kukel 
ukukom  omi.  11.  Dunel  Johan  ogetom  uvigo  makis  jol  u ziil  plo  yob 
okik.  12.  Sneks  gletik  no  li-olufidoms  fitis  obsik  ? 


— 28 


1.  Egypt,  says  Herodotus,  was  the  land  of  the  Egyptians.  2.  The  maid' 
servant  has  bought  fish  today  for  eight  dollars;  the  mother  has  told  me 
so  herself  ( transl . self  has  told  it  to  me).  3.  The  Russians  will  prefer 
tea,  the  French  coffee,  the  Germans  beer.  4.  Where  has  the  great  poet 
lived,  whom  all  mankind  admires?  5.  The  Russian  had  given  me  ex- 
cellent cigarettes.  6.  My  stepfather’s  house  in  two  stories  had  nine 
rooms,  eight  chambers  and  a kitchen.  7.  As  soon  as  you  have  come  (ye 
shall  have  come),  I shall  give  you  the  three  books  of  my  uncle.  8.  The 
waiter  brought  my  brother  wine,  for  which  he  thanked  him  and  went 
(away).  9.  The  French  have  also  had  great  poets.  10.  The  Egyptian  Che- 
ops has  built  the  greatest  pyramid.  31.  He  has  not  come  yet,  because  he 
has  not  had  time.  12.  The  Swiss  {plural')  whom  we  saw  day  before  yes- 
terday, spoke  two  languages,  German  and  French,  but  not  Russian. 


CHAPTER  YL 

The  passive  voice  is  derived  from  the  corresponding  ac- 
tive form  by  prefixing  a p,  or  pain  the  present  indicative 
and  infinitive: 

palofon  to  be  loved 
palofob  I am  loved 
palofob  I was  loved 
pelofob  I have  been  loved 
pilofob  I had  been  loved 
polbfob  I shall  be  loved 
pulofob  I shall  have  been  loved 

The  passive  voice  may  also  be  formed  as  in  English, 
by  the  proper  tenses  of  the  verb  birion  to  be,  and  the  passive 
participle  of  the  principal  verb,  as: 


— 29 


binon 

binol 

binob 

cibinob 

ebinob 

obinob 


to  be  honored 

being  honored 
pcisiunol  j am  honored 

01  I was  honored 

pestimo  j have  been  honored 

I shall  be  honored 


The  preposition  “by”,  which  accompanies  the  passive 
voice,  is  translated  by  /a,  when  it  serves  to  denote  the  act- 
ing person,  and  by  dub  (through),  when  it  can  be  exchan- 
ged for  “by  means  of”:  pdvunomfa  neflen  okiJc  he  was  woun- 
ded by  his  enemy,  panunom  dub  pened  he  was  informed  by 
letter. 

In  the  binary  numbers,  the  larger  precedes  the  smaller, 
with  an  e , and,  between: 


balsebal  eleven 
balsetel  twelve 
balsekil  thirteen 


telsefol  twentyfour 
velsemal  seventysix 
zulsezul  ninetynine 


turn  hundred  mil  thousand  bcilion  million 

teltum  twohundred  lulsmil  fifty  thousand  telion  billion 


The  prefix  ne  always  signifies  the  opposite  of  the  origi- 
ginal  word,  as : 


flen  friend 
bel  mountain 
mbdiks  many 
labon  have 
lilbo  fortunately 


neflen  enemy 

nebel  valley 

nemodiks  few 

nelabbn  do  without,  lack 

neldbo  unfortunately 


If  the  original  word  commences  with  an  e,  the  e in  ne  is 
omitted,  as: 


— 30  — 


ek  some  one  nek  no  one 

evelo  ever  nevelo  never 

egelo  always  negelo  at  no  time 

When  the  “to”,  used  with  an  infinitive,  can  be  exchan- 
ged for  “in  order  to”,  “for  to”  in  dialectic  usage,  it  is  ren- 
dered by  al : komob  al  sagon  ole  I come  to  (“for  to”)  tell  you* 
The  same  idea  is  often  expressed  in  English  by  “for  the  pur- 
pose of”,  followed  by  a participle:  “for  the  purpose  of  telling 
you”* 


VOCABULARY* 


juk  shoe 

fid  eating,  meal 

de  from,  of 

zib  food 

skit  leather 

te  only 

dlin  a drink 

mat  marriage 

dlinon  to  drink 

matel  husband 

milig  milk 

jimatel  wife 

mileg  butter 

nen  without  (prep*) 

mit  meat 

nendas  “without  that”,  with- 

bod bread 

out  (followed  by  a pre- 

pom fruit 

sent  participle) 

dup  hour 

yuf  help 

kanon  be  able  (I  can) 

sefon  insure,  make  sure 

penon  write 

vikod  victory 

pened  letter 

vikodon  conquer,  win  a 

ton  tone 

victory 

tonod  sound 

funon  kill 

tu  too 

pug  battle 

lovik  low 

gedlanon  drive  back  (g^-back) 

tobo  hardly 

tal  earth 

31  — 


biju before  (in  place),  at, 
in  front  of 

blifa before  (in  time),  ago 

(never  placed  after  the 
noun,  as  in  English) 
yan  door 

ley  an  gate  (of  a city) 
vemo  very  (adverb) 
fagik  far 
ftkulik  difficult 
nefikulik  easy 


fat  forest 
nebu  beside,  near 
desedon  send  off  (de-  off) 

Glik  Greece 
glikel  a Greek 
Rom  Rome 
romel  a Roman 
pofik  poor 
valik  all 

valikos  everything 

muton  to  be  obliged  (I  must) 

CISE  VI. 


1.  Jukat  pemekom  de  skit  bizugikun.  2.  Kafko  miligpadlinomgodelo, 
mit  pafidom  zendelo,  milegabod  ko  pom  vendelo.  3.  In  bal  diip  peneds 
bals  kanoms  papenon  fa  nek.  4.  Ton  et  binom  tu  lovik,  kelkod  kanom 
palilon  tobo  bifii  cemavan.  5.  Neito  tonod  egelo  palilom  labo  modo  fagi- 
kumo  ka  delo.  6.  Dlin  panelabom  fikuliko  fa  men,  zib  nefikulikumo. 
7.  Nelabo  jimatel  yagela  pedlefof,  nendas  yuf  akanom  pablinon  ofe.  8. 
Dom  flena  obik  bifu  leyan  pusefom  biifu  yels  balseziil  plo  doabs  folsmih 
9.  Rom  no  pabumom  in  bal  dt*l.  10.  Vikod  binom  obsik,  ab  lultum  obsi- 
kas  pefunoms  in  bal  pug.  11.  Neflens  pavikodoms,  e telmil  foltum  jols 
omas  pagedlanoms  al  zif.  12.  Stags  balsekil  pijutoms  adelo  in  fot  obsik, 
e odelo  modikums  ka  tels  pofunoms. 


1.  Boots  and  shoes  are  made  of  leather.  2.  The  earth  is  inhabited 
by  more  than  1400  million  men.  3.  In  two  hours  the  enemies  were  con- 
quered, and  775  men  of  them  had  been  killed  in  the  battle  at  the  forest. 
4.  Will  the  sound  not  be  heard  very  far  in  the  valley  ? 5.  Fifteen  men  with 
six  hunting  dogs  have  been  seen  all  night  in  the  garden  ( transl.  fruit  gar. 
den,  in  distinction  from  flower  garden)  near  your  (thy)  friend’s  house.  6. 
Where  there  is  smoking  (it  is  smoked),  there  is  also  drinking.  7.  The 
letter  will  be  sent  off  at  once  to-morrow,  as  soon  as  it  is  (will  have  been) 
written  The  Greeks  were  conquered  by  the  Romans,  but  the  Ro- 
mans already  2000  years  ago  by  the  Germans.  9.  The  poor  man  lacks 


— 32 


everything;  he  has  hardly  bread  to  eat,  for  which  reason  help  must  be 
brought  him.  10.  Only  a few  houses  could  be  built  this  year  in  our  great 
city,  which  is  now  inhabited  by  82354  people  ( transl . men.)  11.  By  the 
Russians  tea  will  always  be  preferred  lor  supper  (transl.  evening  meal), 
but  hardly  by  the  French.  12.  Today  the  world’s  language  is  already 
spoken  by  more  than  50000  people. 


CHAPTER  YII. 

The  imperative  mode  is  formed  by  adding  the  ending 
od,  or,  to  express  a strong  command  (jussive  mode)  oz,  and 
a mild  request  (optative  mode)  os : 

givolod  give  (sing.)  givomod  he  shall  give 

givolsod  give  (plur. ) givobsod  let  us  give 

givoloz  do  give  givolds  please  give 

From  every  numeral  a noun  can  be  formed  by  adding 
el , and  a verb  by  adding  bn , as: 

tdel  a combination  of  telon,  to  double 

twos,  pair  kilbn  to  treble 

itofefe,  things  composed  folbn  to  quadruple 

of  fives 

The  cardinal  numbers  are  changed  into  ordinals  by  ad- 
ding id,  as 

balid  first  balselcilid,  thirteenth 

telid  second  tumid  hundredth 

From  these  ordinal  numbers  the  corresponding  adverbs 
are  formed  in  the  usual  way,  by  adding  o: 
balido  firstly,  in  the  first  kilido  thirdly 

place  balsido  tenthly 

telido  secondly  balsetdido  twelfthly 


— 33  — 

Iterative  numerals  are  formed  from  both  cardinal  and 
ordinal  numbers,  by  adding  the  ending  na  or  no , as 


From  these  again  corresponding  adjectives  are  formed, 
by  adding  lik , as 
balsnalik  taking  place  ten  times 

denuam  tumidnalik  repetition  for  the  hundredth  time 

By  using  the  word  dil , part,  as  a suffix,  fractional  deno- 
minators are  formed  from  the  cardinal  numbers,  as 
foldU  quarter  telsedils  kil  three  twentieths 

Note.— When,  inVolapuk  word  formations,  a combination  of  consonants  re- 
sults which  is  difficult  io  pronounce,  the  constituent  parts  are  separated  occasion- 
ally by  the  interpolation  of  an  e,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  as,  for  instance,  telsedil 
in  the  above  example,  instead  of  telsdil;  jolsena  eight  times,  instead  of  jolsna , etc. 

Time,  by  hour,  is  expressed  by  using  the  words  glok 
clock,  or  diip  hour,  and  minuts  minutes,  as 

mal  su  (or  len , literally  “on”)  glok , or  dup  malid , or  dups 
mdl  six  o’clock;  dvp  telid  e lafik , or  dups  tel  e lafik , or  dups  tel 
e minuts  kils , half  past  two. 


balna  once 
balsna  ten  times 


telsidna  the  twentieth  time 
telsidno  for  the  twentieth  time 


VOCABULARY. 


alik  every 
velat  truth 
solat  soldier 

fatdn  fatherland,  native 


timil  moment  (dimin.  of  tim) 
timilo  for  a little  while 
blibon  remain,  stay 
fbsefon  assure  (in  the  mean- 


country 
komip  the  fight 
komipel  fighter,  champion 
komipon  to  fight 
lanimalik  brave 


ing  of  asserting) 
ofen  often 
Melop  America 
fogivon  forgive,  pardon 
tupon  disturb 


34  — 


sat  sufficiency 
sdto  enough 

sdton  suffice,  be  enough 
Icimid  ? which  in  order  ? 
liladon  read 
madik  ripe,  mature 


and  turn  hundred) 
pla  instead  of 


visit  a visit 
visiton  to  visit 
laf  the  half 

yelatum  century  ( yel  year 


EXERCISE  VII. 


1#  Binosod!  Men  alik  sagomdz  velati.  2.  Sagolsdd  obe  valikosi,  keli 
elilols.  3.  Solats  valik  komipomsod  lanimaliko  plo  fatan.  4.  Vilolos  bli- 
bon  timilo  kojiblod  obsik!  5.  Adelo  no  labob  timi,  binos  ya  diip  velid  e 
foldils  kil.  6.  Fosefob  oli,  das  epenob  ya  penedi  at  ziilna.  7.  Fogivolos, 
iftupoboli!  8.  Deli  kimid  alabobs  adelo?  or  Del  kimid  abinos  adelo? 
9.  Alabobs  kilsebalidi  or  Abinos  kilsebalid.  10.  In  tim  ot  solats  ijutoms 
jolsevelidno.  I1.  Liladon  balsnalik  no  nog  satom.  12.  No  fidolod  pomi, 
ibo  balido  no  nog  binom  madik  e telido  no  binol  saunik. 


Note.— Use  letters,  instead  of  figures,  for  all  Volapiik  numbers  in  the  exercises. 

1.  The  brave  soldiers  must  not  lack  food  and  drink.  2.  Many  cities 
have  been  built  for  the  second  time.  3.  I have  already  told  him  a hun- 
dred times,  that  he  will  get  no  thanks  from  any  one  ( transl . he  will  be 
thanked  by  no  one)  for  this.  4.  It  must  be  fought  valiantly  for  the  na- 
tive country.  5.  In  the  second  half  of  this  century  the  Germans  , have 
conquered  thrice : in  the  year  1864,  in  the  year  1866  and  in  the  years 
1870  and  71.  6.  I shall  not  buy  the  house  in  the  city,  because  in  the  first 
place  it  costs  24000  dollars,  and  in  the  second  I shall  not  remain  here  in 
America.  7,  What  date  (which  day  in  order)  is  it  to-day?  8.  What 
time  is  it?  i.  e.  What  o’clock  is  it?  ( transl . Which  hour  in  order  is 
it?)  9.  It  is  a quarter  past  eleven  already.  10.  Please  stay  yet  a whiles 
and  assure  us,  that  you  will  come  to  dine  (to  the  noonday-meal) 
to-morrow;  you  do  not  visit  us  often  enough.  11.  Pardon  me,  I cannot 
today,  for  we  have  a great  hare  hunt,  but  I shall  call  on  you  week  after 
next.  12.  Give  this  girl  two  fives  instead  of  a ten! 


— 35  — 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  subjunctive  or  potential  mode  is  expressed  by  at- 
taching at  the  end  of  the  indicative  forms  the  syllable  -la, 
preceded  by  a hyphen  and  unaccentuated,  like  the  interro- 
gative syllable  -li.  It  is  used  only  in  subordinate  clauses  ex- 
pressing doubt,  uncertainly,  indecision  or  a supposition  con- 
trary to  fact: 

logom  he  sees  logom-la  (that)  he  may  see 

dlogom-la  (that)  he  might,  should  see 

A conditional  mode,  ending  in  ov,  is  used  m the  prin- 
cipal clause,  expressing  the  conclusion  of  a proposition  which 
is  contrary  to  fact,  and  indicated  in  English  by  “would’*  or 
“should”:  lemobov  atosi  if  labob-la  moni  I should  buy  this 
if  I had  the  money ♦ While  the  grammatical  form  of  such 
expressions  requires  the  past  tense,  they  refer  either  to  the 
present  or  future  time.  In  Volapuk,  therefore,  any  one  of 
these  tenses  is  equally  justified,  but  the  same  tense  must  be 
employed  in  both  the  principal  and  the  subordinate  clause, 
the  latter  generally  being  introduced  by  if  if,  or falo,  in  case. 
Thus  the  example  used  above  may  be  either 

lemobov , if  labob-la  moni , or 
dlemobov , if  dlabob-la  moni , or 
olemobbv , if  olebob-la  moni . 

Similarly,  in  a sentence  of  this  nature  referring  to  com- 
pleted past  time,  either  the  perfect  or  the  past  perfect  tense 
may  be  employed,  though  only  the  latter  is  used  in  Eng- 
lish: 

elemob'dv  atosi , if  elabob-la  moni , or 
ilemobov  atosi , if  ilabob-la  moni , 

I should  have  bought  this,  had  I had  the  money. 


— 36  — 


There  is  also  in  Volapuk  a durative  mode,  signifying 
continued  action  and  sometimes  called  the  aorist.  It  is  ex- 
pressed by  adding  an  i to  the  usual  tense  prefix  in  both  the 
active  and  the  passive  voice,  using  ai  for  the  present  tense 
of  the  active  voice,  and  may  be  used  also  with  other  parts 
of  speech  : 


gonob  I run 
aigonob  I run  continually, 
I am  in  the  habit  of 
running 
iigolob  I went 
digolob  I used  to  go 


olbfob  I shall  love 

oildfob  I shall  love  forever 

palbfoms  they  are  loved 
paildfoms  they  are  always 
loved 

aibonedel  regular  customer 


The  durative  mode  should,  therefore,  always  be  em- 
ployed in  a sentence,  stating  a general  truth  : pen  aibinom 
stenudikum  ka  glaf  the  pen  is  mightier  than  the  sword.  A 
negation  precludes  its  use,  as  a matter  of  course:  no 
golom  egelo  aljul  he  does  not  always  go  to  school,  (never  no 
aigolom ). 

The  present  durative  prefix  ai  is  added  to  relative  pro- 
nouns and  adverbs,  with  the  same  meaning  as  the  English 
-ever,  -soever : aikel  whoever,  aikelos  whatsoever,  aikeliip 
whenever,  etc. 

Multiplicative  numeral  adjectives  are  formed  by  adding 
ik  to  the  cardinal,  and  adjectives  denoting  kinds  by  adding 
nik , as 

balik  simple  balnik  of  the  same  kind 

telik  twofold  telnik  of  two  kinds 

tumik  hundredfold  tumnik  of  a hundred  kinds 


Distributive  numerals  are  formed  by  using  an  indepen- 
dent a (each)  before  the  respective  words,  as 


— 37  — 


a td>  two  each,  two  by  two  a telid  each  second,  every 
a td/na  twice  each  second 

a turn  a hundred  each,  by  the  hundred 

VOCABULARY. 


stim  the  honor 

stimon  to  honor 

net  nation 

pos  after  (of  time) 

poso  afterwards,  thereupon 

vobon  to  work 

potut  hunger 

nelum  thirst 

set  sentence 

suemon  comprehend 

suemik  intelligible 

suemiko  of  course 

loned  length 

lonedon  lengthen 

lonedik  long 

lonedotimo  long  ago 

Nelij  England 

nelijel  Englishman 


dat  so  that 
gdlod  pleasure 
teat  theater 
dunon  do 
balad  union 

baladik  united,  harmonious 
sam  example,  instance 
God  God 
as  as 

vddelo  every  day 

e — e both  — and 

kav  cellar,  drinking  shop 

kavamasel  host 

ini  into 

mon  money 

gldt  glass 

bovil  cup  (bov  platter) 
nedalon  forbid 


EXERCISE  VIII* 

1.  Komipels  lanimalik  paistimoms  fa  nets  valik.  2.  Pos  vob  aibinon 
potutik  e neliimik.  3.  Kisi  aifidols  poso  ? 4.  Deutels baledik  aidlinoms 
vini  modik.  5.  Set  at  binorn  sato  balik,  dat  isuemol-la  omi.  6.  No  li- 
ikomomov  lonedotimo,  if  no  ilabom-la  tumnikosi  al  dunon?  7.  Golobov 
suemiko  al  teat,  if  labob-la  timi.  8.  Stags  pijutomsdv  a turn  avelo,  if 
yagels  idlefoms-la  gudikumo.  9.  A lulid  solalas  pefunom,  ibo  teltum 


— 38  — 


afunoms  de  mil.  10.  Ton  et  palilom  a folna  fa  obs  valik.  11.  Nets  et 
eibinoms  labikiin,  kels  aibinoms  baladik.  12.  Aikelopi  logobs,  ailogobs 
samis  guda  Goda. 


1.  I should  make  my  letter  longer,  but  the  longest  letters  are  not  al- 
ways the  best  2.  Hunger  is  the  best  cook,  as  thirst  is  the  best  host.  3. 
She  would  go  every  day  to  the  theater  with  her  (female)  friend,  if  she 
had  money  as  well  as  time  (both  money  and  time).  4.  By  thousands  the 
enemies  would  come  into  our  country,  if  we  should  not  conquer.  5.  Of 
course  I should  go  to  the  city,  if  I had  not  triple  work  to  do.  6.  My 
friend  told  me,  that  every  third  apple  of  the  largest  appletree  in  his 
(fruit-)  garden  were  not  yet  ripe.  7.  With  the  greatest  pleasure  I should 
visit  your  uncle,  were  he  (if  he  were)  at  home.  8.  The  English  always 
love  the  truth  greatly  (much).  9.  It  would  be  an  honor  to  the  brave  to 
die  (be  killed)  for  the  country.  10.  The  Russians  are  in  the  habit  of 
drinking  tea  in  (out  of,  se)  glasses,  the  Americans  in  cups.  11.  The  boys 
live  in  (inhabit)  the  rooms  of  the  great  house,  which  has  been  built  near 
their  school,  seven  (in)  each.  12.  God  forbid!  That  thing  would  have 
been  very  fine,  but  it  could  not  be! 


CHAPTER  IX. 

The  ending  for  all  participles,  both  active  and  passive, 
is  oZ,  attached  immediately  after  the  verb  stem;  and  by  pre- 
fixing the  proper  tense  signs,  participles  can  be  formed  from 
all  the  tenses,  and  also  from  all  the  persons  by  inserting  the 
proper  personal  ending  in  the  usual  place,  as: 
givol  giving  ojeriol  going  to  happen 

egolol  having  gone  pagivol  being  given 

digoldl  one  who  constantly  pegivol  given,  having  been 
went  given 


— 39  — 


pastimobsol  we  who  are  pematofbl  married  woman 
honored  (“one  having  been 

married”) 

If  a participle  is  used  as  a noun,  it  may  receive  the 
ending  el , instead  of  ol : pevunels  ed  edeilels  the  wounded  and 
the  dead.  In  the  same  manner,  the  adjectival  ending  ik 
may  be  substituted  for  the  participial,  if  it  is  intended  to 
indicate  a continued  condition,  rather  than  the  simple  oc- 
currence: solat  pevunik  a soldier  who  is  wounded,  solat  pevu - 
nol  a soldier  who  has  been  wounded. 

Note.  In  translating  English  participles  into  Volapiik,  it  is  necessary  to  ana- 
lyse their  meaning  sufficiently,  so  as  to  employ  the  right  tense  and  form.  “The 
wounded”,  for  instance,  means  “those  having  been  wounded”,  while  “the  dead” 
represents  “those  having  died”,  consequently  is  not  a passive  participle. 

Using  the  participle  as  a noun  is  not  permissible  in 
Volapiik,  as  it  is  in  English,  but  it  must  be  represented 
either  by  the  infinitive,  or  a full  subordinate  conjunctive 
sentence,  as  : 

nepludob  liladon , or  liladon  no  plidorn  obe  I dislike  reading 
(reading  does  not  please  me) 
nen  nolon  osi  without  knowing  /t 
nendas  anolob  osi  without  my  knowing  it 
elogdn  Yulopi  binos  dciduk  having  seen  Europe  is  an 
education 

The  reflexive  form  of  a verb,  which  is  expressed  in 
English  by  using  myself,  yourself,  himself,  etc.,  as  object, 
is  in  Volapuk  the  usual  form  of  the  verb  with  the  proper 
personal  pronouns  in  the  direct  or  indirect  objective  case, 
ok  being  used  for  all  the  genders  of  the  third  person  : 

lofob  obi  I love  myself  lojobs  obis  we  love  ourselves 
givol  ole  you  give  (to)  givols  oles  ye  give  yourselves 

yourself 


— 40  — 


vatukomoki  he  washes  lofoms  okis  they  (men)  love 

himself  themselves 

vatukof  oki  she  washes  lefofs  okis  they  (women)  love 
herself  themselves 

evatukof  ofi  she  has  washed  aifbgivon  oki  nefikulo  one  for- 
her  (someone  else)  gives  one’s  self  easily 

When  “myself”,  etc.,  simply  emphasizes  the  subject  of 
the  clause,  it  is  translated  by  it  self:  ogolob  it  I shall  go  my- 
self, lads  it  avilofs  osi  the  ladies  themselves  wanted  it. 

The  reciprocal  pronoun  is  balvotik  “one  the  other”,  each 
other:  lofoms  balvotiki  they  love  each  other,  clsagoms  balvotike 
they  said  to  each  other,  or  the  adverb  balvoto  may  be  used 
in  both  positions. 

Note.  Mr.  Schleyer  and  many  German  Volapiikists  express  the  reflexive  action 
by  adding  ok  as  a sufflx  to  all  persons,  or  interpolating  it  between  the  stem  and 
the  personal  ending : lofobok  or  lofokob , instead  of  lofob  obi;  lofomsok  or  iofokoms, 
instead  of  lofoms  okis.  This  is  a simplicity,  however,  that  is  hardly  a simplifica- 
tion. 

VOCABULARY. 


tulon  to  turn 
zu  around 
xab  axis 
sol  sun 
tin  machine 
mufdn  move 
stem  steam 

fiapon  to  strike,  beat 
nam  hand 
savon  save 
sumon  take 
smulon  smile 
delidik  dear 
numon  to  count 


vunon  to  wound 

diblekon  to  break  asunder 

banon  bathe 

j Hum  river 

lak  lake 

nil  vicinity 

nilu  close  by 

nilik  near 

nilon  approach 

nilel  neighbor 

len  by  the  side  of,  on 

jol  shore 

mel  sea 

vat  water 


— 41  — 


migon  mix  ( reflex . mingle) 
dalebdn  to  be  in  need 
voniko  formerly,  before 
Jcapcildn  understand 


difik  different 
stun  astonishment 
sugiv  task 
begon  beg,  pray 


EXERCISE  IX. 

1.  Tal  tulom  in  diips  ielsefol  zii  xab  okik  ed  in  dels  kiltum  malselul  e 
foldil  bal  zii  sol.  2.  Cins  et  pamufoms  dub  stem.  3 Cinavobel  obsik 
eflapom  oki  su  nam.  4.  Savomod  oki,  aikel  kanom  ! 5.  Esedof  penedi 
oke  volapiiko.  6.  Asmulom  it,  ven  asagob  ome,  das  okdmoms  nog  adelo. 
7.  At  ebinom  vikod  delidik;  numon  pefunolis  yeltum  e pevunolis  modi- 
kum  ka  telmil.  8.  Blinolod  flene  obik  gliiti  pelemol  adelo  nen  diblekon 
ome,  begob.  9.  Ebanobs  obis  dels  jol  in  Hum  ud  in  lak  ko  sons  nilela 
obsik.  10.  Len  melajol  vat  flumas  migom  oki  ko  vat  rnela.  11.  Logoldd 
us  mani  dalebol  e maladik  ! 12.  Klodob,  das  sol  e lad  ats  elogoms  balvo- 

tiki  voniko. 


1.  Like  (as)  the  earth,  the  sun  also  turns  around  its  axis.  2.  Cooked 
meat  is  healthier  than  uncooked.  3.  The  conquered  enemies  approached 
our  country.  4.  Wine  mixed  with  water  will  be  healthier  for  you;  I 
take  it  myself.  5.  Apjjroaching,  ni}r  friend  gave  me  his  hand  without 
speaking.  6.  The  nearest  neighbors  do  not  understand  each  other  here, 
because  they  speak  different  languages.  7.  My  friend  saved  himself  from 
(out  of)  the  water.  8.  Do  not  bathe  (yourselves)  today  in  the  sea!  9. 
Needy  people  do  not  work  well.  10.  Conquering  one’s  self  is  the  gre  at- 
est victory,  but  also  the  most  difficult  task.  11.  The  astonishment  of  the 
people  was  great,  when  they  saw  those  saved  near  the  shore.  12.  Not  all 
river  water  mingles  with  the  water  of  the  sea. 


42  — 


CHAPTER  X 

Words  in  Volapiik  consist  of  roots,  compounds  and 
derivatives. 

The  roots,  which  generally  are  nouns,  pronouns,  pre- 
positions or  conjunctions,  are  formed  from  words  to  be 
met  with  in  various  existing  languages,  principally  English, 
French  and  German,  but  changed  and  modified  to  suit  the 
needs  of  a universal  speech.  The  numerals,  however,  have 
an  independent  origin. 

In  compounds,  the  word  which  in  English  is  used  as  an 
adjective  is  in  Volapiik  also  placed  in  front,  but  in  the  pos- 
sessive case,  and  always  joined  to  the  modified  part.  The 
modifying  word  can  also  be  exchanged  for  a true  adjective, 
by  taking  advantage  of  the  facility  with  which  adjectives 
can  be  formed  from  all  nouns: 

blod  brother  blodalof  or  lof  blodik  brother  love 
flum  river  flumavat  or  vatflumik  river  water 
vol  world  volapiik  universal  language 
volapilkatidel , tidel  volapuka  or  tidel  volapilkik  teacher  of  the 
universal  language. 

Note.  Compounds  of  more  than  two  component  parts  should  be  avoided.— It 
has  been  proposed  to  subsiitute  i as  a connecting  vowel,  when  the  modifier  is  really 
the  object,  not  the  possessor  for  instance,  “mother  love”  would  be  motalbf=-lof 
motci  a mother’s  love,  or  motilbf—lof  al  mot  love  for  a mother. 

Derivatives  are  formed  from  radicals  either  by  means  of 
suffixes  or  prefixes,  some  of  which  are  used  for  the  forma- 
tion of  whole  classes  of  words,  such  as  verbs,  adjectives, 
etc.,  and  have  already  been  explained  in  the  preceding. 


43  — 


gleflen  bosom  friend 
glezeladel  great  holiday 
smabel  hill 
loveg  crossing,  pass 


Many  prefixes  are  derived  from  independent  radical 
words  by  contraction,  as 
glet  greatness  flen  friend 

zel  festival  zeladel  holiday 

smal  smallness  bel  mountain 

love  across  veg  way 

The  names  of  the  seasons  are  compounds  with  tim  time: 
jlol  flower  flolatim  spring 

hit  heat  hitatim  summer 

fluk  fruit  flukatim  autumn 

nif  snow  nifatim  winter 

The  names  of  the  months  are  derived  from  the  numer- 
als, by  adding  ul  (from  mul  month,  related  to  mun  moon): 
bahd  J anuary  vehd  J uly 

telul  February  jolul  August 

kilul  March  zulul  September 

folul  April  balsul  October 

lulul  May  balsebcihd  November 

malul  June  balsetelul  December 


The  names  of  the  days  of  the  week  are  also  derived  from 
the  numerals,  by  adding  del  day  and  inserting  an  u.: 
baludel  Sunday  luludel  Thursday 

teludel  Monday  mclludel  Friday 

kilildel  Tuesday  veludel  Saturday 

fol v del  Wed  n esdav 

Note. — The  names  of  bo*h  months  and  days  of  the  week  were  originally  de- 
rived from  modified  forms  of  the  ordinary  names:  yanul,  febul,  mazul,  apul, 
mayul,  yunnl,  vulul,  gustul,  setul,  otul,  novul,  dekul;  soldel,  mundel,  tusdel, 
vesdel,  dbdel,  flidel,  zadel. 

From  the  names  of  the  days  of  the  week,  adverbs  are 
derivecf  in  the  usual  way  by  adding  o,  adjectives  by  adding 
ik : 


— 44  — 


baludelo  on  Sunday,  Sundays 
dbaludelo  last  Sunday 
obaludelo  next  Sunday 
baludelik  belonging  to  Sunday 


From  the  numerals  are  also  derived  some  musical  terms, 
by  affixing  urn  and  uf : 


balitm  solo 
telilm  duet 
folum  quartet 
jolum  octet 


baluf  first  (c) 
teluf  second  (d) 
foluf  fourth  (f) 
jbluf  octave  (c) 


The  names  of  the  sciences  end  in  av: 


god  God 

git  law  (in  abstracto) 
medin  medicine 
tik  thought 
tal  earth 

glet  greatness,  size 
nat  nature 
min  mineral 
plan  plant 
nim  animal 
puk  language 


godav  theology 
gitav  jurisprudence 
medinav  medical  science 
tikav  logik 
talav  geology 
gletav  mathematics 
natav  natural  science 
minav  m i n eralogy 
planav  botany 
nimav  zoology 
pukav  philology 


A few  sciences,  However,  retain  their  recognized  names, 
with  slight  alterations,  as  filosop  philosophy,  fusud  physics, 
natural  philosophy,  kiem  chemistry. 

The  ending  dl  signifies  an  abstract  mental  quality  or 
disposition: 

tik  thought  tikdl  mind,  spirit  * 

kap  head  kapdl  intelligence 


45  — 


The  suffixes  ed  and  am, 
certain  action  or  condition : 
tal  earth 
lab  having 
tile  thought 
glet  greatness 
nindilon  divide 
lulei  across,  logon  look 
The  prefix  fe  indicates  a 
and  fd  is  the  English  for-: 
golon  go 
dugon  lead 
gebbn  use 
given  give 
geton  get 

The  prefix  da  completes 
and  calls  special  attention  to 
geton  get 
tiicoi i think 
tuv  a find 
tuv  discovery 
vestigbn  investigate 


like  the  English  -ion,  signify  a 

taled  geography 
labed  possession 
tilcam  reflection 
gletam  increase 
nindilam  division 
lukilogam  view 

turning  aside  or  disappearing 

fegolon  pass  away,  perish 
fedugon  mislead,  seduce 
fegebdn  consume 
fogivon  forgive 
fbgeton  forget 

the  meaning  of  the  radical  word 
the  result: 
dageton  obtain 
datikon  reason  out 
datuv  invention 
datiivdn  discover 
davestigon  explore 


VOCABULARY* 


nonik  not  any,  no 
ddlon  permit 
begin  beginning 
kaled  calender 
votik  other 
Begun  according  to 


kalbn  calculate 

as  sam  (abbreviated  a*  s.) 

for  example 
ju  until 
do  although 
kritik  Christian 


— 46  — 


nemon  to  call,  name 

pur  powder 

kaniton  sing 

zelado  in  truth,  certainly 

beperidn  describe 

num  a number 

kod  cause 

ovi  over,  along 

likdj  condition 

bel  mountain 

valemo  in  general 

belem  mountain  range 

dabalik  separate 

nifon  to  snow 

plofed  professor 

glad  ice 

niver  university 

gladajuk  skates 

kapalub  understanding 

gladajukon  to  skate 

lafayel  half  a year,  semester 

plokbn  to  pluck,  pick 

baludo  first  of  all 

gab  Count,  Earl 

studon  to  study 

lieg  wealth 

stab  basis 

liegik  rich 

stabik  thorough 

Nugdn  Hungary 

ddlon  allow,  permit 

pbf  poverty 

ned  need 

pofik  poor 

slip  sleep 

tif  theft 

lebalik  only  (adj\) 

silicon  seek 

gun  gun 

geilik  high 

EXERCISE  X. 

1.  Vig  nonik  fegolom  nen  vob:  e teludelo  e luludelo  labobs  vobon  in 
gad;  kiliidelo,  foiudelo,  maludelo  e veliidelo  vobobs  dorno,  te  baliidelo  e 
glezeladelopaidalosobestakedon.  2.  Yel  panindilom  in  yelatimsfol  eyela- 
tim  alik  in  rauls  kil.  8 . Nifatim-beginom  ko  begin  balsetelula,  flolatini  ko 
kilul,  hitatim  ko  main!,  flukatim  ko  ziilul.  4.  Nindiiain  kaledikbinom  votik, 
ibo  segun  kaled  aikalobs  a.  s.  hitatimi  sis  nialul  telsebalid  ju  ziilul  telse- 
kilid,  do  hit  ofen  vedorn  gletik  ya  in  malulavigs  balid  e stom  vedom  fluka- 
timik  ya  in  begin  ziilula.  5.  Foliim  studelas  niverik  kanitom  nu  in  zif 
obsik,  bai  kelas  binom  balumakanitel  gudik.  6.  Taled  bepenom  tali  e 
vestigom  likofi  nuik  e tala  valemo  e lanas  dabalik;  talav  binom  stab  tale- 
da  e davestigom  kodis  likofa  omik.  7.  Mot  fiena  obik  egivom  ome  dil 


— 47  — 


gletik  labedas  okik.  8.  Nok  omik  binom  plofed  medinava.  9.  Len  niver 
obsik  sibinoms  godavels  modo  modikum  ka  gitavels.  10.  Kisi  natavels 
studoms?  11.  Studoms  fiisiidi  e kiemi,  minavi,  planavi  e nimavi;  stu- 
doms  i gletavi,  nen  kapalub  kela  natav  no  kanom  pasuemon  stabiko.  12. 
Tikiil  mena  nedom  takedi  e dagetom  omi  dub  slip. 


1.  Cooking  food  is  the  only  Sunday  work  which  we  permit.  2.  Forgive 
me,  sir,  that  I did  not  come  yesterday;  I had  entirely  forgotten  the 
Thursday  hour.  3.  His  bosom  friend  is  a good  man,  but  he  has  certain- 
ly not  invented  the  gunpowder.  4.  Logic  is  a part  of  philosophy.  5. 
Does  your  brother  study  philology  or  mathematics?  6.  Our  university 
has  never  yet  numbered  so  many  students  of  theology  as  in  this  semester. 
7.  First  in  our  time  has  it  been  possible  to  study  the  nature  of  the  sun 
( transl . has  the  nature  of  the  sun  been  able  to  be  studied)  in  a thorough 
manner.  8.  The  view  of  your  ( plural ) city  from  the  passover  the  neigh- 
boring mountain  range  is  very  beautiful.  9.  In  winter  it  snows  and  one 
skates,  in  spring  one  picks  flowers.  10.  Those  rich  Counts  have  large 
possessions  in  Hungary.  11.  This  poor  laborer,  through  his  poverty, 
has  been  led  (astray)  to  steal.  12.  Do  you  (ye)  see  those  high  trees  on 
the  river  banks  ? 


From  top  place,  are  derived  the  ending  op  for  the  names 
of  the  five  great  divisions  of  the  earth,  and  the  ending  dp  for 
place  designations: 


CHAPTER  XI* 


Yulop  Europe 
Silop  Asia 
Fikop  Africa 
Melop  America 
Talop  Australia 


lotdp  hotel  ( lot  guest) 
kafop  cafe 

slupop  hiding  place 
(slup  lurking) 
valaddp  waiting  room 
( yaladon  wait) 


kidp  ? where 


48 


Allied  to  Idn , land,  is  the  ending  an,  employed  in  the 
designations  of  the  larger  parts  of  the  countries  which  have 
received  Volapuk  names  differing  from  those  ordinarly  used: 
Oindn  China  Baycin  Bavaria 

Taiwan)  Italy  Saxdn  Saxony 

Span  Spain  Jlesdn  Silesia 

Beljdn  Belgium  Turan  Thuringia 

The  names  for  the  directions  of  the  compass  end  in  ud: 
noliid  north  lefud  east 

sulild  south  vesild  west 


The  ending  for  the  names  of  animals  is  frequently, 
though  not  always,  of:  foxaf  fox,  but  lep  monkey* 

From  dilp,  hour,  is  obtained  the  ending  up,  which 
designates  time: 

lif  life  lifup  lifetime 

vot  a change  votup  change  of  time 

The  ending  dm  denotes  implements: 
dom  house  domom  household  goods 

gad  garden  gadom  garden  tool 

fell  field  feilom  agricultural  implement 

The  ending  of  answers  to  the  -ness  of  English  words, 
and  denotes  abstract  ideas: 
foet  a savage  foetof  wildness 

flea  friend  ’ flenof  friendliness 

The  endings  ilg  and  ef  are  in  general  the  English  -ship: 
flea  friend  flenug  friendship 

gab  Earl  gabef  earlship,  county 

The  ending  ndel  signifies  one  who  occupies  a certain 
grade  : 

baludel  a scholar  in  the  first  class, 
tekidel  scholar  in  the  second  class,  etc. 


— 49  — 


The  prefix  ge  is  the  English  back  or  re-: 

vegon  to  journey  gevegon  to  journey  back,  return 

sagon  say  gesagon  to  reply 

The  prefix  di  is  the  English  asunder,  dis-,  or  de- : 

blek  a break  diblekon  to  break  to  pieces 

stuk  construction  distukon  destroy 

VOCABULARY- 


ni  — ni  neither  — nor 
valiko  on  the  whole 
lapin  rapine 
aim  animal 
sak  sack,  pouch 
anik  some,  any 
pblub  error 

seiston  lie,  be  situated 
kam  a plain 
abu  on  the  contrary 
pakon  to  spread 
veitik  wide 
tudunbn  exaggerate 
du  during 
lei  iron 
lelod  railway 

mediton  meditate,  reflect 

mated  wedding 

pag  village 

taim  clay 

teldik  many  a 


fut  foot 
futel  walker 
futelon  go  afoot 
setenon  extend 
kolun  colony 

filabel  volcano  (‘  fire-moun- 
tain’’) 

bufik  preceding 
met  meter 
sotimo  sometimes 
foginel  foreigner 
kindn  realm,  empire 
vbbon  acquire 

lovemelik  situated  across  the  sea 
dunik  active 
fimcln  mainland 
ninlbdel  inhabitant 
danu  thanks  to 
v'dyelo  every  year  ( v'd  derived 
from  val  totality-) 


— 50  — 


EXERCISE  XI. 

1.  In  Talop  ni  leps  ni  foxafs  sibinoms,  valiko  lapinanims  nonik,  ab  in 
taladils  votik  no  sibinoms  sakanims  pla  aniks  nemodik  in  Melop.  2. 
Berlin,  glezif  Deuta,  seistom  in  kam  noliideutik  (Deuta  noliidik).  3. 
Stettin  seistcm  noliilefiido  de  Berlin,  Leipzig  abu  suluvesudo.  4.  Lifiip 
menas  li-evedom  lonedikum  in  yelatum  obsik  ? 5.  Feiloms  noliimelopik 
binoms  modo  gudikum  ka  uts  yulopelas.  6.  Binos  polub  pepakol  veiti- 
ko,  das  Nelij  seistom-la  noliidikumo  ka  Noliideut.  7.  Foet5f  flkopelas 
e talopelas  petudunom  ofen.  8.  Otavobs  in  liitatim  yela  at  al  gabef 
Glatz,  belemalan  jonik  Jlesana.  9.  Kiludels  egevegoms  dub  lelod,  abu 
teludels  agefuteloms.  10.  Cato  aisagom:  Carthago  nmtom  padistukon. 
11.  Votup  pemekom  adelo  fa  lelods  valik.  12.  Belems  Spana  binoms 
modo  geilikum  ka  uts  Saxana. 


1.  The  great  American  mountain  ranges  extend  (in)  north-southerly 
(direction),  the  Asiatic  east-westerly.  2.  The  highest  mountains  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  South  America  are  volcanoes.  3.  The  capital  of  Bavaria 
is  situated  500  meters  above  the  sea,  that  of  Spain  600.  4.  In  October  of 
the  year  1492,  Columbus  discovered  America.  5.  Thanks  to  the  friend- 
liness of  your  (thy)  uncle,  I found  a place  to  hide  in  the  nearest  cafe 
during  the  bad  weather  of  yesterday.  6.  The  scholars  sometimes  answer 
the  teacher  ( what  case?)  without  reflecting.  7.  On  the  evening  before 
the  wedding,  in  many  a German  city  and  village,  household  ware  of  clay 
and  glass  is  still  broken  (to  pieces)  before  the  house  door.  8.  The  Thurin- 
gian  forest  is  visited  every  year  by  crowds  of  foreigners  ( transl . very 
many  foreigners).  9.  The  increase  of  the  colonial  possessions  of  the 
English  since  the  preceding  century  is  astonishing.  10.  The  German 
empire  has  acquired  its  largest  possession  across  the  sea  in  East  Africa. 

11.  Italy’s  Vesuvius  is  the  only  active  volcano  of  the  European  mainland. 

12.  China  has  more  inhabitants  than  the  whole  of  [transl.  entire)  Europe. 


— 51  — 


CHAPTER  XII. 

The  order  of  words  in  Volapiik  may  be  varied  consider- 
ably without  inpairing  the  intelligibility  of  a sentence. 
Still,  there  is  a certain  sequence  ordinarily  observed,  a devi- 
ation from  which  should  only  be  made  for  special  purposes, 
such  as  euphony,  emphasizing  a certain  word,  etc.  The 
fundamental  rule  is,  that  those  words  which  express  the 
general  or  essential  ideas  in  a sentence  precede  those  which 
are  special,  incidental  or  subordinate.  This  implies  as  appli- 
cations: 

1.  Adjectives,  possessive,  demonstrative  and  indefinite 
pronouns  and  all  numerals  take  their  places  after  the  nouns 
they  qualify.  If  two  adjectives  should  come  together,  one 
may  be  placed  before  and  the  other  after  the  noun,  as  elogob 
mddikis  zifisjonik  I have  seen  many  beautiful  cities. 

2.  The  subject  is  always  placed  before  the  verb  in  all 
kinds  of  sentences,  even  the  interrogative. 

3.  Objects  and  predicates  follow  the  verb;  negative  and 
interrogative  words  precede  it. 

4.  The  different  objects  follow  in  the  order  of  their  im- 
portance: the  direct  object  precedes  the  indirect  (unless  the 
latter  consists  of  a single  pronoun  and  the  former  is  very 
long),  and  adverbs  expressing  time  follow  immediately  after 
the  verb,  as  egivob  osi  ome  I have  given  it  to  him,  sedom  ofen 
moni  kbsele  okik  he  often  sends  money  to  his  cousin. 

5.  Subordinate  clauses,  not  introduced  by  the  conjunc- 
tion “that”,  may  be  placed  indifferently  after,  or  before,  the 
principal  clause:  otdvob  al  Paris  ven  olabob  moni , or  ven  olabob 
moni  otdvob  al  Paris , I shall  go  to  Paris  when  I have  money. 


— 52  — 


The  same  main  rule  operates  also  in  the  order  of  words 
indicating  dates,  which  is:  year,  month,  day,  hour,  min- 
ute, second,  as  balmil  joltum  jolsevel  balsul  telsebalid  dap  jol  e 
minuts  hits  vendela  half  past  eight  in  the  evening  of  October 
21st,  1887*  Personal  names  are  sometimes  written  and 
signed  in  the  same  way,  the  baptismal  names  being  placed 
after  the  surname  : Schleyer  Johann  Martin. 

Words  of  existing  languages,  whose  form  differs  essen- 
tially from  the  usages  of  Volapiik  or  prevents  the  use  of  the 
ordinary  inflectional  endings,  must  be  provided  for,  when 
employed  in  Volapiik,  in  such  manner  as  to  preclude  am- 
biguity, as: 

1.  Names  of  persons  and  places,  for  which  there  is  no 
special  provision  made,  must  be  used  in  their  vernacular 
form.  Their  pronounciation,  should  it  differ  considerably 
from  their  spelling,  may  be  indicated  by  respelling  them  in 
Volapiik  and  adding  this  as  an  explanation  in  parenthesis 
the  first  time  each  name  occurs  in  a paragraph  : Humphry 
Davy  ( Devi  O'mfri )•  If  the  Volapiik  alphabet  is  insufficient 
for  this  purpose,  the  universal  alphabet  is  brought  into  use: 
Sebastian  Bach  ( Baq ), 

2.  The  possessive  and  dative  cases  of  such  proper  nouns 
is  formed  by  the  prepositions  de  and  al : de  Anna  Anna’s,  al 
Maria  to  Mary, 

Note.  The  French  Volapuklsts  prefer  to  use  these  prepositions  for  all  words 
instead  of  the  case  endings. 

8,  Should  it  be  necessary  to  form  a plural  of  nouns 
already  ending  in  a sibilant,  c,  j,  s,  x or  z , it  is  done  by 
adding  the  usual  plural  sign,  preceded  by  an  apostrophe  : 

Darius's , Fox's. 


— 53  — 


The  word  sol , plural  sols,  is  used  on  all  occasions  where 
the  English  has  Sir,  Mr*,  Esq.,  Messrs.,  etc.  In  such  con- 
nections as  “Yes,  sir!”,  many  add  the  possessive  pronoun 
and  the  vocative  interjection:  si,  o sol  obik!  The  “oh”  hav- 
ing disappeared  from  the  everyday  conversation  in  almost  all 
modern  languages,  however,  it  seems  a pity  to  reinstate  it 
as  the  only  form  to  be  used;  and  it  is  better  to  say  simply  : 
si,  sol  or  si,  sol  obik!  In  superscriptions  the  dative  case 
should  be  employed:  Sole  Grant  John,  Soles  Grant  e Ko.,  (but 
Al  Grant  John  to  John  Grant,  without  any  “Mr.”)  As  in 
French  and  German,  it  may  also  be  used  in  connection  with 
a common  noun  by  way  of  courtesy  : sol  blod  olik  your  “Mr.” 
brother.  The  same  remarks  apply  also  to  lad  Mrs.,  and 
vomvl  Miss. 

Expletive  words  and  sentences  are  not  reproduced  in 
Volapiik,  as  for  instance: 

1.  The  use  of  “of”  in  such  expressions  as  the  city  of 
Boston,  which  is  translated  simply  zif  Boston.  Regakincln 
Gletabritbn  or  Gletabritdnik  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  tat 
Wisconsin  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  etc.  “A  glass  of  wine” 
may  be  expressed  in  the  same  manner,  gldt  vin ; but  is  usu- 
ally gldt  vina  or  gldt  de  vin,  as  in  English.  “Wine  glass”  is 
compounded  in  the  usual  way,  vinagldt,  or  translated  gldt 
al  vin  a glass  for  wine. 

2.  “There”,  used  in  such  expressions  as  “there  is,” 
“there  are”,  etc.:  sibinoms  mddiks  zifs  gletik  in  Niddn  there  are 
many  great  cities  in  India. 

3.  Repetition  of  a verb  by  means  of  a form  of  “do”, 
which  is  very  common  in  English  speech,  but  not  used  in 
Volapuk  : penol  gudikumo  ka  om  you  write  better  than  he 


— 54  — 


does ; Kim,  nolom  kelop  sanel  Ibdom  ? Ob , who  knows  where  a 
physician  lives  ? I do. 

The  English  interrogative  repetition,  by  another  person, 
of  the  auxiliary  verb,  or  the  same  tense  of  “do”,  in  order  to 
express  astonishment  or  interest,  is  expressed  in  Volapiik 
by  li-vo  ? indeed  : “A logob  omi  in  silt ”.  “ Li-vo  ?”  “I  saw  him 

in  thestreet.”  “did  you?”  u No  nog  eticvob  omi  domoN  “ Li-voT ’ 
“I  have  not  yet  found  him  at  home.”  “Haven’t  you  ?” 

Interrogative  repetition,  by  the  same  person,  using  nega- 
tive form  for  affirmative,  and  vice  versa,  in  order  to  invite 
confirmation,  is  supplied  by  the  adverbial  particles  ba  “per- 
haps” or  ye  (before  vowels  yed)  “certainly”,  “I  presume”,  or 
by  adding  after  the  sentence  li-novo?  “is  it  not  really  so?” 
Fat  olik  binom  yedomo?  or  fat  olik  binom  domo,  li-novo?  your 
father  is  at  home,  is  he  not  V No  lodol  yed  is  ? or  no  lodol  is , 
li-novo  ? you  don’t  live  here,  do  you  ? 

On  the  other  hand,  no  words  are  omitted  or  ignored  in 
Volapiik,  to  be  supplied  from  the  context.  For  instance, 
the  indirect  object  must  always  be  put  in  the  dative  case  : 
vipob  ole  deli  gudik  I wish  you  (to  you)  a good  day  ; con- 
junctions can  never  be  omitted:  lilob  das  blod  ofik  okomom  odelo 
I hear  her  brother  is  coming  to-morrow,  si  ibinob-la  us  had 
I been  there. 

The  adjectives  modik  many  a,  much,  and  nemodik  a little, 
few,  are  compared  in  the  usual  way;  but  the  adverbs  mo- 
d(ik)o  and  nemod(ik)o  have  double  comparatives  and  super- 
latives : 

modikumo  or  umo  more,  mbdikuno  or  lino  most,  (the  sec- 
ond forms  are  derived  from  the  endings  of  degree) 

nemodikumo  or  luumo  less  (lu-  in  diminutives);  nemodi- 
kuno  or  luilno  in  the  least,  at  least. 


55  — 


The  tenses  of  the  verb  are  used  with  greater  regard  for 
accuracy,  than  in  English,  and  the  actual  relation  in  time 
between  the  principal  and  the  subordinate  clause  should  be 
strictly  preserved:  getdvom  adelo  he  returns  to-day  (is  on  the 
way  now),  ogetdvom  odelo  he  returns  (will  return)  to-morrow, 
ven  fat  usedom  moni  obe  ogetdvob  domic  when  my  father  sends 
me  (will  have  sent  to  me)  the  money  I shall  return  home. 

VOCABULARY. 


unembn  remember 

klot  a dress 

kloton  to  dress 

satin  silk 

bldgik  black 

yelibik  yellow 

stol  straw 

sikik  prominent 

jen  history 

spclr  sparrow 

lesi  yes  indeed 

ken  can,  gallon 

klinon  to  clean 

ningifon  pour  in  (nin  — in  ) 

tat  state 

regakindn  kingdom 
vono  once,  at  one  time 
nuik  present  ( nu  now) 
vip  a wish 
kotenik  content 
moton  bear,  give  birth  to 
(from  mot  mother) 


Niddn  India 
dokel  doctor 
bukel  author 
mdkabik  celebrated 
vodabuk  dictionary  (vod 
word) 
deilon  die 
vicdbn  invite 
nakbmon  arrive 

keblinon  bring  along  ( ke  with) 

deblinon  bring  out  from 

flad  bottle 

pladon  to  place,  set 

tab  table 

sago  even  ( adv .) 

som  such 

pilblig  republic 

zesildik  necessary 

kemen  fellow-man  (ke  with) 

mbkon  prepare 

soalik  alone 


— 56  — 

EXERCISE  XII. 

1.  Fat  de  Anna  memom  das  alogorn  ladi  peklotol  ko  nulik  satinaklot 
bliigik  e stolahat  yelibik,  yen  alanom  in  New  York  balmil  joltura  vels 
velul  folid.  2.  Cavendish’s  (Ka  vendij)  eibinoms  sikik  in  jen  Nelija.  3. 
P>inob  tu  maladik  al  visiton  ladi  moti  olik  avigo.  4.  Logoi  ye  sparis  su 
bimet?  5.  Si,  solobik;  e klodob  das  binoms  luiino  balselul.  6.  Epenol 
soles  Braun  e Ko.,  li-novo?  7.  No,  sol,  ab  openob  adelo.  8,  No  ogo- 
lobs  al  jul  odelo,  li-novo?  9.  Lesi,  sols  obsik.  10.  Sedolod  obe  keni 
iuilig,  ab  sefoloz  oli,  das  miligaken  puklinom,  bufo  oningifol  miligi. 
1 1 . Tat  Pennsylvania  binom  modo  gletikum  ka  regakinan  Saxan.  12. 
Mens  alaboms  vono  nedis  nemodik;  ab  neds  e vips  nulikas  menas  vedoms 
^eliko  modikum,  do  akanonov  binon  kotenik  ko  luum. 


1.  At  6 o’clock  in  the  morning  of  the  20th  day  of  June,  1888,  my  sister, 
who  was  born  in  the  city  of  London,  is  three  years  old.  2.  It  is  fortu- 
nate there  have  not  been  many  Warren  Hastings’s  in  India.  3.  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Johnson,  the  celebrated  author  of  the  first  English  dictionary,  died 
in  the  year  1784.  4.  Have  you  (thou)  invited  your  friend  already?  5. 
Yes,  ma’m,  I have.  6.  Does  he  come  today  ? 7.  Yes,  he  will  certainly 
come  to-night,  and  as  soon  as  he  has  arrived  I shall  take  him  along  to 
see  you.  8.  Bring  a bottle  of  wine  from  the  cellar  and  set  four  wine 
glasses  on  the  table  in  the  garden.  9.  I am  so  thirsty  that  I believe  I can 
drink  a whole  gallon  even  of  such  water,  as  the  city  of  New  Orleans  gives 
one.  10.  South  of  the  state  of  Texas  is  the  republic  of  Mexico,  to  which 
it  belonged  once.  11.  Water  is  necessary  in  every  house  for  drinking, 
washing  and  cooking;  the  time  will  never  come  when  we  can  do  without 
it.  12.  Every  man  needs  his  fellow-man,  because  no  one  can  prepare 
everything  alone. 


CHAPTER  XIII 

In  translating  from  English  into  Volapiik,  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  latter  is  intended  to  be  a universal 
language  and,  in  consequence,  English  idioms  and  peculiar- 
ities should  not  be  reproduced,  if  it  can  be  avoided.  The 


57  — 


want  of  a thorough  and  detailed  Volapiik  dictionary  is  to 
be  regretted  and,  until  that  shall  appear,  it  is  impossible  to 
sharply  define  what  is,  and  what  is  not  permissible.  Only  a 
few  hints,  in  addition  to  those  already  stated,  can  be  given 
for  the  guidance  of  the  student,  with  the  advice,  in  case  of 
doubt,  to  translate  according  to  sense,  not  sound  : 

1.  When  the  English  expressions  might,  could,  etc.,  are 
used  in  a sentence,  not  expressing  condition  or  uncertainty, 
translate  them  with  the  indicative  mode:  vipob  noUon  I should 
like  to  know,  no  kanob  sagon  ole  I could  not  tell  you,  no  li- 
okanol  kbmon  odelo ? could  you  not  come  tomorrow? 

2.  Intransitive  verbs  must  never  be  conjugated  with 
binon , to  be,  as  auxiliary  : ekbmob  I am  come,  igolom  he  was 
gone,  enakomol  being  arrived, 

3.  Only  transitive  verbs  can  receive  the  reflexive  ob- 
jects:  evatukom  oki  he  has  washed  himself.  Combinations 
with -self  in  English,  when  used  with  intransitive  verbs,  are 
intensified  subjects,  even  if  they  apparently  have  the  objec- 
tive form,  and  are  translated  in  all  cases  by  it  self:  stunob  it 
I wonder  myself,  ekomom  it  he  has  come  himself. 

4.  Many  verbs,  used  intransitively  in  English,  are 
really  reflexives  and  should  be  so  translated:  banobs  obis  vet- 
delo  we  bathe  every  day,  Charles  no  nog  evatvkom  Charles  has 
not  washed  yet  (if  himself,  oki). 

5.  The  ‘ to”  before  infinitives  must  never  be  translated, 
unless  it  implies,  or  is  expressed  as,  “in  order  to”  (“for  to” 
in  certain  dialects),  when  it  is  rendered  by  ed:  efdgetob  pd'dn 
I have  forgotten  to  pay,  komob  al  sagon  ole  I come  to  say  to 
you. 

6.  All  prepositions,  even  those  derived  from  nouns  and 
ending  in  ii,  govern  the  subjective  case,  as  already  stated: 


— 58  — 


sogujlen  omik  in  the  company  of  his  friend,  danil  gudof  olik 
thanks  to  your  kindness* 

7*  Prepositions,  and  all  other  parts  of  speech,  which 
may  be  used  with  various  significations,  should  be  translated 
so  as  to  give  the  meaning  as  simply  and  unmistakably  as 
possible  : dom  flena  obik  the  house  of  my  friend,  pukob  do 
fien  obik  I speak  of  (concerning)  my  friend  ; kis  binos  kod 
atosa?  how  does  that  come?  ; klodob fino  I have  finally  come 
to  believe  ; kisi  desanol  ? what  are  you  aiming  at  ? ; plan  at 
glofom  gudiko  this  plant  walks  right  along;  aflapoms  balvotiki 
they  came  to  blows;  disopendl  (not  pedisonepol ) the  under- 
signed, which  signifies  not  the  one  uwho  has  been  signed 
below,”  but  the  one  “who  signs  below,”  “the  undersigning”, 
8*  The  prepositions  and  conjunctions,  which  require 
special  mention,  are  : 

a is  the  English  a,  per  : doab  bal  afut  $1  a foot* 
ab  but,  introducing  an  explanation,  while  admitting 
the  truth  of  the  statement  contained  in  the  first 
clause : no  binom  yunik  ab  saunik  he  is  not  young, 
but  in  good  health* 

sod  but,  introducing  a correction  of  a phrase  in  the 
first  clause,  which  is  itself  denied  : no  binom  belle - 
dik  sod  malddofik  he  is  not  old,  but  in  poor  health* 
as  as,  in  the  capacity  of  : pukom  as  reg  he  speaks  as  king, 
in  his  capacity  of  king. 

. as  as,  like  : pukom  as  reg  he  speaks  like  a king,  as 
if  he  were  a king. 

bifu  before  (in  place),  ahead  of,  in  front  of. 

bufii  before  (in  degree),  ahead  of,  in  advance  of. 
bufu  before  (in  time),  previous  to,  ...ago. 


59  — 


da  through  a place:  da  fat  through  the  forest, 

dub  through,  by  means  of:  dub  neltib  through  mis- 
fortune. 

ja  by,  denoting  the  agent  with  passive  verbs. 
me  with,  by : tdvob  me  vab  I travel  by  wagon. 
de  from,  of,  denoting  direction  or  material  from  which. 
des  from  ...on:  des  tim  at  from  this  time  on. 
do  of,  on,  regarding:  pukob  do  ol  I speak  of  you,  laltilg 
do  bolit  an  article  on  politics. 
se  from,  out  of:  komom  se  Paris  he  comes  from  Faris. 
if  if,  denoting  condition  or  supposition. 
va  if,  when  the  same  as  u whether  sagolod  obeva  oko - 

mom  tell  me  if  he  is  coming. 

Id  by,  near,  in  the  neighborhood  of:  Harlem  Id  New 
York  Harlem  by  New  York. 
len  at,  on,  denotes  proximity:  len  tab  at  the  table, 
lenfin  at  the  end,  Kingston-len- Hudson  Kingston- 
on-the-Hudson. 

nebil  beside,  next  to : dom , omik  binom  nebii  okik  his 
house  is  next  to  mine. 

dom'd  at,  in  the  house  of:  dom'd  sol  Flint  at  Mr.  Flint’s. 
ove  over,  across  (situation)  : dom  ove  sut  the  house  across 
the  street. 

ovu  across,  denotes  motion  from  one  point  to  another  : 
dog  gonom  ovu  sut  the  dog  runs  across  the  street, 
su,  on,  on  top  of : su  tab  on  the  table. 
sus  over,  motion  above:  b'odflitom  sus  dom  a bird  is 
« flying  over  the  house. 

lopd  over,  above  (situation)  : lodop  lopd  potek  I live 
above  a drug  store. 


— 60  — 


po  after,  behind  (in  place)* 
pos  after,  behind  (in  time)* 

9.  The  phrase  “ to  speak  English  ” should  be  rendered 
by  pukon  nelijiko , as  “ English  ” here  is  really  an  adverbial 
expression*  Instead  of  the  ending  iko  a simple  o may  also 
be  used  : nelijo,  flento , volapiiko * Puk  flentik , puk  deutik  can 
also  be  expressed  with  flentapuk  the  French  language,  deuta- 
p'uk  the  German  language,  and  from  these  words  are  formed 
flentapiikon , dealapukon  to  speak  French,  German,  volapukon 
to  speak  the  universal  language,  etc* 

10*  Prof.  Kerckhoffs  has  proposed  for  adoption  the 
following  conventional  terms : 

glidi *,  sol!  good-day  (good-evening,  etc.),  sir  ! 
liko  stadol  ? how  do  you  do? 
hkofat  olik  stadom?  how  is  your  father  ? 
stadolod  beno  farewell  ! 

volapukon  the  universal  language  is  spoken  here, 
bonedams  kanoms  pamekon  volapiiko  orders  received  in  the 
universal  language, 

spodon  volapuko  correspondence  is  carried  on  in  the  uni- 
versal language* 
dani  thanks;  I thank  you, 
danob  milna  thousand  thanks, 
sagolos  obe  please  tell  me;  tell  me,  if  you  please, 
sol  lofik , (a?*  L.)  dear  sir, 
dunan  olik  or  ) (D  Q ) trul 

divoaikun  olik  ) v / J J 

*)  Objective  case,  because  the  phrase  should  really  be,  ifcomplet® : r®®®iv®My 
greeting,  I give  you  greeting. 


— 61  — 


EXERCISE  XIII. 

Stockholm  1887  folul  30d. 

Sole  Walter  Jones,  Milwaukee. 

Egetobs  bonedami  doabas  2000  de  sols  Leroy  e Jerome  in  zif  olsik. 
Bi  leno  sevobs  solis  at,  begobs  oil  vestigon  va  juitoms  klodati  modik 
domo.  Pometobs  biseo  ole  das  ogebobs  kautiko  minis  olik,  e lesagobs 
ole  das  obinos  giilod  gletik  plo  obs  kanon  dunon  duni  ole  in  zit  siimik. 
Binobs  diinans  olik  divodikun, 

Lind  e Plageby. 


Milwaukee,  May  26,  1887. 

Messrs.  Lind  & Hageby,  Stockholm. 

I cannot  give  you  any  reliable  information  about  the  firm  named  in 
your  letter  of  the  30th  ult.  Messrs.  Leroy  & Jerome  have  a large  store 
on  the  principal  street  in  the  city;  but  I know  nothing  regarding 
their  pecuniary  resources.  I advise  you  to  write  Mr.  Belmar  in  Chicago, 
who  has  held  commercial  relations  with  them  for  several  years. 

I hope  to  be  able  to  be  more  useful  to  you  on  some  other  occasion. 

Yours,  most  truly, 

Walter  Jones. 


CHAPTER  XIV, 

There  are  in  English  a large  number  of  verbs  which  may 
be  used  as  auxiliaries,  and  the  correct  translation  of  which 
requires  some  attention,  by  reason  of  the  confusion  existing 
in  their  application.  Such  are  : 

1.  Have,  as  an  auxiliary  verb  is  represented  by  the 
tense  prefixes;  as  an  independent  verb  (=  possess),  it  is 
lotion. 


— 62  — 


2.  Be,  as  an  auxiliary  verb  used  with  the  active  voice, 
signifies 

presence  : Jcbmob  I am  coming  now, 
futurity  = o- : ok'dmob  I am  coming  in  the  future, 
intention  = desdnon : ddesdnob  Icbmon  I was  coming,  I 
intended  to  come  ; 

when  used  to  express  passive  form,  it  is  represented  by  the 
prefix  p : palofob  I am  loved. 

In  either  case,  however,  birion  may  be  used  with  the 
proper  participle,  as  in  English  : binob  penal  I am  writing, 
buk  binom  papendl  the  book  is  being  written. 

As  independent  verb,  in  the  meaning  of  “exist”,  it  is 
translated  by  sibinbn  : mens  sibinoms  there  are  men;  when  re- 
ferring to  situation,  by  seiston : Berlin  seistom  in  Dent  Berlin 
is  in  Germany. 

3.  Be  going  to  denotes 

futurity  = o : openob  I am  going  to  write, 

intention  = desdnon  : ddesdnob  penon  I was  going  to 
write. 

4.  Do,  did  is  used  to  form  the  present  or  past  tense  in 
the  active  voice  of  another  verb,  in  which  case  it  is  represen- 
ted by  the  proper  tense  of  this  verb:  penom  he  does  write, 
dpenom  he  did  write;  it  emphasizes  an  imperative,  when  it 
is  expressed  by  the  jussive  mode:  gololoz  do  go;  or  it  is  pleo- 
hastic,  as  explained  on  page  53. 

5.  Can,  could  denotes 

ability,  power  = kanon:  kanob  vobon  I can,  am  able 
to  work, 

permission.—  dalon:  dalol  golon  you  can  go,  are  at 
liberty  to  go, 

knowledge  = nolbn:  nolom  liladon  he  can  read, 
knows  how  to  read. 


— 63  — 


6.  Dare  denotes 

courage  = kinon:  li-kinol  minotbn  f dare  you  ride 
horseback  ? 

permission  = dalon : li-dalom  golbn  ? “darst”  he  go  ? 

assurance  ==  le- : lescigob  I dare  say. 

7.  Let  denotes 

sufferance  = leton : letolod  obi  logon  l let  me  see,  allow 
me  to  see, 

exhortation  = imperative  mode-,  spidobsod  let  us 
hurry  up* 

8*  May,  might  denotes 

wish  = optative  mode  : komombs  may  he  come! 

uncertainty  (in  a subordinate  sentence)  = subjunc- 
tive mode:  vipob  das  komom-la  I wish  he  may 
come, 

permission  = dalon : li-dalob  golbn  f may  I go  ? 

possibility  = binon  mogik:  binos  mdgik  it  may  be, 
binos  mogik  das  dunom-la  osi  he  may  do  it,  he 
might  do  it, 

duty  =sbton : sbtom  pel'on  nu  he  might  pay  now,  he 
ought  to  pay  now. 

9.  Must  denotes 

obligation  = muton:  mutol  golbn  you  must  go. 

duty  —sbton:  no  sbtol  dlinbn  you  must  not  drink, 

necessity  =zesildbn:  zesiidos  padunon  it  must  neces- 
sarily be  done, 

probability  = klbd'bn  das : klbdob  das  fat  olik  ekbmom 
your  father  must  have  come,  I believe  your 
father  has  come. 


— u — 


10.  Shall  denotes 

futurity  = o-  or  u-\  ogolob  I shall  go,  ugolob  I shall 
have  gone, 

obligation  = mutdn:  mutom  golon  he  shall  go, 

command  = od,  bz:  no  tifoldz  thou  shalt  not  steal ! 

11.  Should  denotes 

conditionality  expressed  = ~ov:  ddunobbv  osi , si ...  I 
should  do  it,  if.  . 

conditionality  implied  = -ov:  itikolov  negelo , das. . . (if 
I had  not  seen  it)  I should  never  have  thought 
that... 

supposition  = subjunctive  mode:  si  ddunob-la  osi.  . . 
If  I should  do  it.  . 

duty  —sbton:  sbtol  d,unbn  atosi  you  should  do  this, 
you  ought  to  do  this. 

12.  Will  denotes 

furity  = 0-  or  u-\  ogoloms  they  will  go, 

desire  = vilon:  li-vilol  spaton  Ice  ob  ? will  you  take  a 
walk  with  me?, 

determination  = esludon  : esludob  geton  osi,  I will 
get  it,  I have  made  up  my  mind  to  get  it 

13.  Would  is  used  in  the  2d  and  3d  persons  with  the 
same  meanings  as  should  in  the  1st. 

14.  Some  other  verbs  occasionally  used  as  auxiliaries 

are : 

M ake  = mekbn,  kodbn , muton:  ekodob  omi  kapdlon  I 
have  made  him  understand,  mutolod  omi  kbmbn 
make  him  come, 

Need  — nedon , zesudon:  no  nedol  golbn  you  need  not  go, 
UsE  = durative  mode:  digolob  I used  to  go, 

Please  = optative  mode:  givolbs  obe  please  give  me. 


— 65  — 


EXERCISE  XIV. 

Lukomed  melopik. 

Neit  semik  nifatima  latik  zots  legletik  pikleboms  sa  nions  de  New 
York,  su  kels  iibinos  pebiikol  ko  tonabs  gianik  BISIEDAL...PEM0LO- 
DOL.  Ab,  ven  spatels  iniloms,  akanoms  liladon  vodis  votik  in  tonabs 
modo  smalikum,  sodas  lenun  lefulnik  abinom  as  snkoe  : 

BISIEDAL  ibinomov  PEM0LOD0L 
fa  kalod  e vatof, 
if  no  apolom-la  sis  yels  tel 
jitis  lainik  de  James  Wight,  31  New  Street. 


A CHEAP  WATCH. 

A gentleman  with  (having)  a distinguished  exterior,  came  at  one  time 
into  the  store  of  a dealer  in  watches  of  Vienna  and  asked  to  be  shown 
gold  watches  at  (of)  various  prices.  He  bought  one  for  onehundred 
marks  and  went  away.  After  a few  minutes  he  returned  (came  back), 
saying  that  he  preferred  a nicer  watch.  He  selected  one  at  twohundred 
and  fifty  marks  and  said  to  the  watch  dealer:  “I  have  given  you  one- 
hundred  marks  already;  here  is  the  watch  at  hundred  marks,  which  I 
return  (give  back)  to  you,  consequently  I still  owe  fifty  marks.”  He 
paid  his  fifty  marks  and  the  watch  dealer  receipted  the  bill,  thanking  the 
new  customer  a thousand  times. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


RECAPITULATION  OF  GRAMMATICAL  RULES, 
Serving  also  as  an  Index  to  the  Preceding. 

The  figures  in  parenthesis  refer  to  the  page  where  a fuller  explanation  will  be 
found. 

GENERAL  RULE. 

L The  vowels  are  employed  as  signs  of  inclination  in 
the  following  manner: 

Suffixes  ( posilabs ): 
a,  e,  i — in  nouns, 

u , u — ■ in  adjectives  and  prepositions, 
o (as  ending)  — in  adverbs, 
o,  o — in  pronouns  and  verbs. 

Prefixes  ( bisilabs ): 
a — in  present  tense, 
d,  6,  i — in  past  tenses, 
o,  u — in  future  tenses. 

ARTICLE  (laltig). 

2.  There  is  no  article  used  (11).  If  absolutely  neces- 
sary, el  may  be  used  as  a definite  and  sembcd  as  an  indefin- 
ite article. 

DECLENSION  ( deklin ). 

3.  There  is  only  one  declension  for  all  kinds  of  words, 
which  has  two  numbers  (/mms),  the  cases  (fals)  of  which 
with  their  endings,  are  as  follows  (11): 


— 67  — 


Singular,  Plural, 

banum . plum  im . 

Subjective  ( Icimfal ) root  s 

Possessive  ( [kimafal ) a as 

Dative  ( kimefal ) 6 es 

Accusative  ( [kimifal ) i is 


Vocative  ( kimofal ) is  the  same  as  the  subjective  (12). 

4.  These  endings  sometimes  serve  other  purposes,  than 
as  signs  of  inclination  (26). 

5.  Instead  of  the  endings  of  the  possessive  and  dative 
cases,  the  prepositions  de  and  al  may  also  be  used  (26). 

COMPARISON  ( luenam ). 

6.  All  words  can  receive  degrees  of  comparison  (19): 
Ascending  (< geilol ) : 

comparative  ( pluluen ) ending  in  -wm, 
superlative  {pluluen)  ending  in  -im. 

Descending  (bapbl) : 

comparative,  prefixing  luumo  less, 
superlative,  “ fotimo  least, 

Equality  is  expressed  by  so  — as. 

7.  A degree  of  comparison  can  also  be  expressed  by 
derivative  syllables: 

Augmentatives:  te-,  gle -,  -an,  -a?,  (22), 
Diminutives:  in-,  in-,  sma-,  -ii,  (22), 

Negatives:  no-,  denotes  the  opposite,  (29), 
Iteratives:  ai-,  denoting  continuous  existence 
or  action  (36). 

Two  of  these  syllables  may  be  used  together:  lulezif 
miserable  big  city,  luzifil  poor  little  town. 


— 68  — 


NOUNS  ( subsats ). 

8.  Nouns  are  frequently  roots  (16).  They  can  be 
formed  from  any  other  word  by  derivative  prefixes  or  suffixes. 

9.  Gender  (gen)  is  common  (14),  unless  it  is  necessary 
to  indicate  a distinction  of  sexes,  in  which  case 

Masculine  (manik)  is  formed  by  prefixing  om-, 
Feminine  (jilik)  “ “ u “ ji - (16) 

Some  nouns  are  only  used  as  feminines  (17). 

ADJECTIVES  ( ladyeks ). 

10.  Adjectives  are  formed  from  any  other  word,  and 
always  end  in  - ik  (17),  which  becomes  -lik  or  -nik,  when  it  is 
desired  to  express  similarity  with  the  idea  of  the  root. 

11.  They  are  placed,  as  a general  rule, 

after  their  nouns  and  not  declined  (17), 
before  their  nouns,  in  which  case  they  are  de- 
clined (17),  or 

before  and  after , when  two  adjectives  modify  one 
noun  (51). 

12.  When  used  as  nouns,  they  must  be  declined  (19). 

NUMERALS  ( nuwmods ). 

13.  The  numerals  are  either  roots  or  derivatives,  and  are 
treated  as  adjectives  (17). 

14.  Cardinal  numbers  have  the  following  endings  : 

units  - 1 (19), 

decimals  -Is  (19), 
hundreds  - turn  (29), 
thousands  - mil  (29). 

A decimal  and  a unit  are  joined  by  inserting  e (29). 


— 69  — 


15.  Derivatives  from  these  are 

Ordinals,  ending  in  - id  (32), 

Multiplicatives,  ending  in  4k  (36), 

Iteratives,  ending  in  ~na,  - nalik  ( 33), 

Numeral  adverbs,  ending  in  -o  (32), 

Fractions,  ending  in  -dii  (33), 

Distributives  introduced  by  a (36), 

Nouns  and  verbs  (32). 

16.  Hour  designations  are  variously  expressed  (33). 

17.  The  English  expressions  “the  former,  the  latter,” 
“the  first,  the  last”,  are  expressed  by  the  positive  degree: 
balid  or  bufiky  latik  (==  et,  at ). 

PRONOUNS  ( ponops ). 

18.  Personal  ( posodik ) pronouns  are  (14): 

ob  I ol  thou  om  he  of  she  os  it  on  one 

obs  we  ols  ye  oms  they  ofs  they  ons  you 

They  are  nouns  and  declined  as  such  (18). 

19.  Reflexive  ( geflekik ) pronouns  are  the  same  as  the 
personal,  except  the  third  person,  which  is  ok , oks  -self, 
-selves  (18). 

20.  Reciprocal  ( rezipik ) pronoun  is  balvotilc  each  other, 
or  the  adverbial  balvoto  (40). 

21.  Possessive  ( labedik ) pronouns  are  either 
Adjectives  formed  from  the  personal  pronouns  (18),  or 
Possessive  case  of  the  personal  pronoun  (18). 

22.  Demonstrative  ( jonik ) pronouns  are  (19): 

at  this  it  self  ut  that  one 

et  that  ot  same 


— 70  — 


They  are  adjectives,  except  ut , and  are  generally  the 
same  for  all  genders,  but  can  receive,  if  necessary,  (19)  a 
Feminine  ending  -of, 

Neutral  ending  -os* 

23*  Interrogative  (sakol)  pronouns  are  (23)  a 
Radical  noun  : Aim,  kif  who?,  /as  what ?, 

Radical  adjective:  kiom,  kiof. , Aios  which,  what, 
Derivative  adjectives : kimik  what  kind  of  a,  kimid 

which  in  order,  kimidnik  how  many  kinds  of. 

24*  Relative  ( getefamik ) pronouns  are 
kel  who,  which,  that  (19), 
aifcd!  whoever  (36)* 

They  are  declined  as  nouns  and  are  generally  the  same 
for  all  genders,  but  can  receive  the  feminine  ending  -o/,  and 
the  neutral  -os,  if  necessary  (19).  “That  which,  what”  is 
translated  by  atos  kel  or  simply  kelos , “whatever”  by  aikelos. 

25.  Indefinite  ( nefumik ) pronouns  are  the  following 


Nouns: 

alim  everybody 
ek  somebody 
nek  nobody 
ans  some  (plural) 
Adjectives  : 

alik  every,  each 
anik  any,  some 
nonik , no,  none 
sembal  some... or  other 
bofik  both 
somik  such 
semik  a certain 


som  such 
bos  something 
nos  nothing 
votim  another  one 

leldik  many  a 
votik  other 
valik  all 

modik  much,  many 
nemodik  a little,  few 
modumik  several 


— 71  — 


VERBS  (velibs). 

26.  All  nouns  (16)  and  numerals  (32)  can  be  used  as 
steins  of  corresponding  verbs. 

27.  Conjugation  ( konyug ) is  the  same  for  all  verbs  (13). 

28.  Persons  ( posods ) are  expressed  by  using  the  personal 
pronouns  as  suffixes  (14).  The  present  indicative  of  the  ac- 
tive voice  has  no  other  sign* 

29.  Tenses  ( timafoms ) are  distinguished  by  prefixes  (25): 


Present 

( patiip ) 

prefix 

a-' 

Past 

(pdtup) 

u 

d- 

Present  perfect  (petup) 

(t 

e- 

Past  perfect 

(pitup) 

u 

i- 

Future 

(pot  Up) 

It 

0- 

Future  perfect 

(putup) 

C‘ 

u- 

30.  The  same  prefixes  are  used  to  indicate  stages  in  ad- 
verbs of  time  (25). 

31.  A durative  mode  (paitiip)  of  all  tenses  can  be  formed 
by  inserting  an  i immediately  after  the  usual  tense  prefix  (36). 

32*  Modes  (bids)  are  distinguished  by  suffixes,  added  to 
the  various  tenses  and  persons  of  the  indicative  : 


Indicative 

( jenabul ) 

suffix 

none 

(14), 

S u bj  u ncti ve  (mbgabid) 

u 

da 

(35), 

Conditional 

(stipabid) 

u 

- ov 

(35), 

Imperative 

( budabid ) 

u 

-bd 

(32), 

Jussive 

(leblidabid) 

u 

-oz 

(32), 

Optative 

(vipabid) 

ll 

- 08 

(32). 

In  addition  to  these  generally  recognized  forms,  there  are  also,  for  those  who 
want  to  use  them,  a 

miitabid,  signifying  obligation,  from  which  there  is  no  escape,  and  formed 
from  the  future  tenses  by  exchanging  the  prefix  o-  for  6-:  opelom  he 
must  pay,  and  a 

miikabid  signifying  a mild  statement  of  duty,  and  distinguished  by  the 
suffix  ox.  pemolbx  he  might,  should  pay. 

*)  Not  expressed  in  the  indicative  mode  of  the  active  voice. 


■72  — 


33.  By  adding  suffixes  to  the  verb  stem  are  formed  the 

Infinitive  (subsatabid)  suffix  - bn  (16). 

Participle  ( ladyekabid ) suffix  -ol  (38). 

These  can  be  formed  from  all  tenses,  and  may  also  re- 
ceive the  personal  endings  like  other  modes:  pukobon  my 
speaking,  piikobol  I the  speaker. 

34.  As  a noun  the  infinitive  only  is  used,  as  an  adjec- 
tive the  participle  (39). 

35.  The  infinitive  preceded  by  al  ( diseinabid ) denotes 
design  or  intention  (30). 

36.  Voice  ( fom ) is  of  two  kinds: 

Active  ( [dunafom ),  and 

Passive  ( sufafom ). 

The  passive  voice  is  formed  either  by 
prefixing  a p - to  the  active  (28),  or  by 
binon  with  a passive  participle  (29),  but  with  a slight 
difference  in  meaning. 

37.  Only  a transitive  ( lovegolik ) verb  has  both  active 
and  passive  voice,  an  intransitive  ( nelovegolik ) only  the  ac- 
tive (57). 

ADVERBS  ( ladvelibs ). 


38.  Adverbs  are  either  roots  or  derivatives. 

39.  Derivative  adverbs  always  end  in  -o  (19),  and  can 
be  derived  from  all  other  parts  of  speech,  as 


nouns : 
adjectives  : 
numerals  : 
pronouns  : 
verbs  : 

prepositions  : 
conjunctions : 


delo  by  day, 
blefiko  shortly, 
balo  at  once, 
oko  in  itself, 
pledolo  in  playing, 
diso  below, 
edo  in  connection. 


— Y*  — 


40.  The  greater  part  of  adverbs,  that  are  formed  in 
English  from  adjectives,  may  in  Volapiik  be  derived  from 
the  corresponding  noun,  for  the  sake  of  brevity ; blefo , modo , 
flento , instead  of  blejiko , modiko , flentiko. 

41.  Some  adverbs  of  place  receive  a different  form  to 
indicate  direction  (19);  and  interrogative  adverbs  beginning 
with  ki-  have  a relative  form  beginning  with  kel-  (26). 

42.  They  are  generally  placed  after  the  verb,  except 
the  negative  and  interrogative  adverbs,  which  precede  it 
(14,  51). 

PREPOSITIONS  ( pldpods  ). 

43.  The  prepositions  are  either  roots  or  derivatives. 
The  latter  end  in  -iL 

44.  They  are  always  followed  by  the  subjective  case 

(12). 

45.  The  correct  use  of  some  prepositions  requires  atten- 
tion (58). 

CONJUNCTIONS  ( kmyuns] ). 

46  Conjunctions  are  used  as  in  English,  They  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  indicative  mode,  unless  the  nature  of  the  sen- 
tence requires  the  subjunctive  (85). 

INTERJECTIONS  ( Imteleks ). 

47.  Interjections  are  either  roots  or  derivatives.  In  the 
latter  case,  they  end  in  -o:  adyo  farewell!  bafd  well  done!, 

stopo  halt ! 

QUESTIONS  (sabs). 

48.  All  questions  are  indicated  by  the  prefix  li - (21), 
except  when  the  sentence  contains  an  interrogative  pronoun  * 

or  adverb  (22)  > 


— 74  — 


CONSTRUCTION  {stub). 

49.  The  sentence  (set)  should  be  as  simple  as  possible, 
and  no  involved  constructions  made  use  of. 

50.  The  usual  order  of  the  principal  words  in  a sentence 
is  (51):  interrogative  pronoun  or  adverb  (ponob  u ladvelib  sd - 
k'dl),  subject  (subyet),  negation  ( nesiam ),  predicate  (sesag)y 
adverb  of  time  (ladvelib  timik)}  direct  object  (lobyet  dinilc ), 
indirect  object  (lobyet  pdsodik ). 

51.  Qualifying  words  follow  the  noun  which  they  qualify 
(12,  17). 

52.  The  predicate  agrees  with  its  subject  in  number  and 
gender. 

53.  Words  in  apposition  ( latopams ) agree  in  number  and 
case:  oils  dokela  Smith , nilela  obik  the  children  of  Dr.  Smith, 
my  neighbor* 

54.  Complements  of  time,  weight  and  measure  are  in 
the  subjective  case  (23). 

ABBREVIATIONS  (blefams). 

55*  The  following  abbreviations  are  frequently  employed 
in  Volapiik  literature  : 

a.  b.  = atos  binos  that  is  to  say, 
a.  s.  — as  sam  for  instance, 
e.l.  — e lemanikos  and  so  forth, 

D.  0.  ==  dunan  or  divodikun  olik  yours  truly, 

S * L.=s6l  lofik  dear  sir, 
vp  — volapvk , 
vpa=  volapiika,  etc. 

WORD  FORMATION  (vodafomam). 

56*  Words  are  either  roots,  compounds  or  derivatives/ 


— 75  — 


57.  Roots  (stamav'dds)  are  monosyllables  and  generally 
nouns  (16). 

58.  Compounds  ( vods  pekosiadol ) have  the  first  part  in  the 
possessive  form  (42). 

59.  Derivatives  ( vods  pededugol ) are  formed  either  by 
prefixes  or  suffixes. 

60.  The  principal  prefixes  are  : 
d-  denotes  past  tense  (25), 

air  denotes  durative  mode  (36). 

ba - (from  6a£),  Eng.  uni-  or  mono-:  bafom  uniformity, 
basilab  monosyllable. 

6a-,  lower  (in  names)  : Badeut  Lower  Germany. 
be - increases  the  meaning  of  the  stem:  belobon  approve,  or 
makes  an  intransitive  verb  transitive  : belijon  animate. 
beno-,  well,  good  : benosmel  perfume. 
bevo-y  Eng.  between:  bevotlidon  step  between. 
bevu-,  Eng.  inter-:  bevunetik  international. 
bi-  (from  bifii),  Eng.  fore-,  pre-  (of  place):  bipuk  preface. 
bu-  (from  bufu -)  denotes  precedence  in  quality  : bugolon 
excel. 

bu-  (from  bufu),  Eng.  fore-,  pre-  (of  time)  : bmagon 
predict, 

da-  completes  the  idea  of  the  stem  (45). 

. de -,  Eng.  away,  off,  de-:  deflekbn  deflect,  turn  away. 
denvr , Eng  again  : denulogbn  see  again. 
d£-,  Eng.  asunder,  de-  (49). 

disa-,  Eng.  under,  sub-,  vice- : disaklots  underclothes, 
disakonsal  vice  consul. 

dt6-,  Eng.  through,  per-  (of  space)  : dugonon  run  through. 
e - denotes  present  perfect  tense  (25). 
fe - denotes  turning  aside  (45). 


— 76  — 


fd;  Eng.  for-  (45). 

ge-,  Eng*  back,  re-  (49). 

gi -,  Eug.  right:  giw.ekbn  make  right. 

gle - (from  glet ),  Eng.  capital  or  principal,  chief : glezif  capi- 
tal city,  glenom  principal  rule. 
i-  denotes  past  perfect  tense  (25). 
ji - denotes  feminine  gender  (16). 

Ice-,  Eng.  along  : keblinon  bring  along. 

ki -,  interrogative  (19). 

kila-,  Eng.  tri- : kilagul  triangle. 

ko-}  Eng.  together,  con-:  koblirion  bring  together. 

kit-,  Eng.  cubic : kiimet  cubic  meter. 

Id -,  literally  “by”,  “near”,  denotes  proximity:  lagivon add. 
lafa-j  Eng.  half:  lafanisul  peninsula. 
le - denotes  increase  (22). 

len - signifies  approach  or  junction  : lensumbn  accept. 
li- , interrogative  (22). 

lopa -,  Eng.  upper  (in  names)  : Ldpatdl  Upper  Italy. 

Eng.  over,  head  : lopatidel  head  teacher. 
love - (euphonic  form  of  ove ),  Eng.  trans-,  across  : lovepolbn 
translate. 

lu -,  diminutive  (22). 

lit-  signifies  motion  toward  : lukomon  arrive, 
mi-  signifies  wrong  action  : migebon  abuse,  miplidon  dis- 
please. 

mo-,  Eng.  away,  off : mogolon  go  away, 
mo-,  Eng.  poly-:  momat  polygamy, 
ae-  denotes  negation  (29). 

neba -,  Eng.  side-:  nebacem  sideroom,  nebabled  supplement. 
nin-  (before  a word  commencing  with  two  consonants  ni-) 
is  in  with  a prefixed  n,  because  no  verb  can  begin  with 
a vowel : ninldn  inland. 


— 77  — 


o-  denotes  future  tense  (25), 

p-  denotes  passive  voice  (28), 

pa/-,  Eng,  double  : palvokal  diphthong. 

pie -,  Eng.  pre-  : plepalon  prepare. 

plo-,  Eng.  pro- : ploy  eg  project. 

plu-  denotes  exaggeration  : plumafik  immoderate. 

pos-,  Eng.  after-,  post- : pospendd  postcript. 

sd-,  Eng,  dis-  : sajondn  disfigure. 

se -,  Eng.  ex-,  e-,  out  : sesedon  export,  sevok'un  call  out. 

sir  distinguishes  the  constellations  : Siber  The  Bear, 

sma-,  diminutive  prefix  (23), 

su-  ( sus -),  Eng.  on,  im-  : suseiton  improve. 

susi-j  Eng.  up  : susiglofon  grow  up. 

to-,  Eng.  contra-,  re- : tapukon  contradict. 

tela-,  Eng.  bi- : telapukik  bilingual. 

tu-  denotes  excess  : tuvat  inundation. 

I'd-  denotes  antiquity  : ulfot  primeval  forest. 
va~,  Eng.  square  : vafut  square  foot. 
vd-  (from  valik ),  Eng.  every  : vddelo  every  day. 
zi Eng.  around,  circum- : zilogam  circumspection. 

61.  The  principal  suffixes  are  : 

-a  possessive  case  in  the  singular  (11). 

- ab  denotes  concrete  nouns  : litab  candle. 

-ah  personal  nouns  with  an  idea  of  passivity:  Idfiib  darling. 
- ad  concrete  nouns  : lomibad  umbrella. 

-af  names  of  animals  (48). 

-af  names  of  flowers  : kamdf  camelia. 

-al  personal  names,  same  as  -el,  with  the  idea  of  superior- 
ity : tikal  great  thinker. 

-dl  abstract  nouns  denoting  mental  quality  or  disposition 
(44). 


78  — 


- am  abstract  nouns  denoting  action  (45). 

-an  personal  names  : bdledan  old  man. 

-tin  names  of  countries  (48). 

-ap  concrete  nouns  (without  special  significance). 

-as  possessive  case  in  the  plural  (12). 

-at  concrete  nouns,  bordering  on  an  abstract  idea  : poedat 
poetry. 

-tit,  Eng.  -ity  : nettit  nationality. 

-av  names  of  sciences  (44). 

-del,  Eng.  -day  (48). 

-dil,  Eng.  -part  (88). 

-e  indirect  objective  case  in  the  singular  (11). 

-ed  of  varying  significance  (45). 

-ef  a collection  of  persons  : legate/  embassy  (48). 

-eg  concrete  nouns  (without  special  significance). 

-el  personal  names,  denoting  a performer  (16). 

-em  a collection  of  things  : bledem  foliage. 

-en  generally  names  of  trades  and  industries  : buken  print- 
ing establishment. 

-es  indirect  objective  case  in  the  plural  (12). 

-et  abstract  nouns  (without  special  significance). 

-i  direct  objective  case  in  the  singular  (11). 

- ib  concrete  nouns  (without  special  significance). 

-id  ordinal  numerals  (32). 

-ik  adjectives  (17). 

-il  diminutives  (22). 

-im,  Eng.  -ism  : militemim  militarism. 

-in  chemical  substances  : yodin  iodine. 

-ion,  Eng.  -ion  in  numerals  (29). 

-ip  names  of  diseases  : ladip  heart  disease. 

-is  direct  objective  case  in  the  plural  (12). 


— 79  — 


-it  the  same  as  -lit. 

4a  subjunctive  mode  (35)* 

4i  sign  of  interrogation  (21). 

4ik  adjectival  ending  (17)* 

-lit  birds  : lapinlit  bird  of  prey. 

-na  iterative  numerals  (33). 

-nik  adjectival  ending  (17). 

-o  adverbs  (19). 

-0  interjections  (73). 

- ob  first  person  singular  (14). 

- obs  first  person  plural  (14). 

-od  without  special  significance. 

-6d  imperative  mode  (32). 

-of  feminine  third  person  singular  (14). 

-of  abstract  nouns,  Eng.  -ship,  -ness,  etc.  (48). 
-ofs  feminine  third  person  plural  (14). 

-ok  sometimes  used  for  reflexive  verbs  (40). 

- ol  second  person  singular  (16). 

-61  participles  (38). 

-ol  second  person  plural  (14). 

-om  masculine  third  person  singular  (14). 

-6m  collection  of  implements  (48). 

- oms  masculine  third  person  plural  (14). 

-on  indefinite  third  person  singular  (14). 

-on  infinitives  (16). 

-ons  denotes  the  person  addressed  politely  (14). 
-op  divisions  of  the  earth  (47). 

-op  nouns  denoting  a place  (47). 

-os  indefinite  third  person  singular  (14). 

-os  optative  mode  (32). 

-ot  without  special  significance. 


— 80  — 


-02  jussive  mode  (32). 

-s  plural  number  (12). 

-tim  seasons  (43). 

-ii  prepositions  (73), 

-ub  without  special  significance, 

- Yib  without  special  significance. 

-ild  points  of  the  compass  (48). 

-udel  member  of  a class  (48). 

- ridel  days  of  the  week  (43). 

-vf  musical  terms  (44). 

-ug  traits  of  character  : sdvug  uncommunicativeness. 

~ug,  Eng. -ship, -ness,  etc.  (48). 

-til  names  of  the  months  (43). 

-um  comparatives  (19). 

-ilm  musical  terms  (44). 

-tin  superlatives  (19). 

-up  designations  of  time  (48). 

-ved,  Eng.  -ward,  -ways  : flanived  sideways. 

62.  Example  of  word  formation  : 

ROOT  : PUK  language. 

1.  Suffixes. 

pvk  language  — pnkik  belonging  to  language 

pukon  speak  — pvkonabid  or  -mod  manner  of  speaking 
pvhatidd  teacher  of  languages — puTcapdJc  fault  of  language 
motapvk  mother  tongue  — volapiik  universal  language 
pulcat  speech  — pukatil  little  speech  — pvkaton  make  a speech 
telapukat  dialogue 

pukav  philology — pllkavik  philological 


— 81  — 


puked  sentence — pvkedik  sententious 

pilkedavbd  proverb  — pukedavodik  proverbial 
vdlapvked  device,  motto 

pukd  orator  — pukelik  oratorical  — mdpvkel  polyglot 
pukof  eloquence  — pukofik  eloquent 

pukofav  rhetoric  — pukofavik  rhetorical 
p'nkot  talk — pukotik  talkative  — piikotof  talkativeness 
okopukot  monologue 

2.  Prefixes. 

bipuk  preface  — bipvkik  prefatory  — bipvkbn  to  preface 

depiik  a contest  — depiikon  to  contest 

gepiik  an  answer  — gepvkdn  to  answer 

lepuk  affirmation  — lepukon  affirm  — lepuked  maxim 

lenpvk  a harangue  — lenpvkon  to  harangue 

livapuk  acquittal  — livapukbn  acquit 

lupuk  chattering  — lupukon  to  chatter — lupukel  chatterer  — 
lupukem  gossiping  — lupukot  twaddling 
lupukhm  stammering  — lupvklon  stammer  — lupvklel 
stammerer 

mipilk  slip  of  the  tongue  — mipukon  make  mistake  in  speaking 
nepvk  silence  — nepukik  silent  — nepilkon  be  silent 
sepiik  pronunciation  — sepukik  pronounceable 
sepukon  pronounce 

tapvk  contradiction  — tapnkik  contradictory  — tapvkdn  contra- 
dict. 


- 82  — 


KEY  TO  THE  EXERCISES. 


EXERCISE  I* 

1.  He  is  bad.  2.  The  father  is  good.  3.  Father  and  mother  are 
good.  4.  The  child  has  the  {or  a)  book.  5.  The  knife  belongs  to  the 
gardner.  6.  The  man’s  dog  is  large.  7.  The  scholar  has  books  and  knives. 
8.  They  praise  the  man’s  sons.  (The  sons  praise  the  man).  9.  The  books 
belong  to  the  children’s  mother.  10.  The  father  is  at  home  and  also  the 
mother.  11.  The  scholars  are  in  the  garden  or  in  school.  12.  0 father, 
the  knives  belong  to  the  sons  of  the  gardner. 

1.  Lob  fata  binom  gletik.  2.  Buks  julelas  binoms  gudik.  3.  Lobom 
sonis  gadela.  4.  Neif  lonom  fate  e mote  ; ldnom  i sones.  5.  0 mot, 
mans  binoms  badik.  6.  Laboms  neifis  ed  i bukis,  7.  Fat  gadela  labom 
dogi  mota.  8.  Julels  binoms  in  gad  e laboms  dogis  mana.  9.  Sons  ga- 
dela binoms  domo  ltd  in  gad  fata.  10.  Buks  lonoms  manes.  11.  Fate 
mot  loboms  cilis  gadela.  12.  Julels  laboms  bukis  in  jul. 


EXERCISE  II. 

1.  We  do  not  love  the  chase.  2.  The  hunter  shoots  deers  and  hares. 
3.  The  mother  again  cooks  soup  for  the  child.  4.  The  hunters  have  dogs. 
5.  I shoot,  but  I do  not  hit.  6.  One  sees  already  houses  and  men.  7. 
You  hear  the  thunder.  8.  The  sons  go  to  school;  they  are  industrious. 
9.  I hear  that  you  are  not  in  good  health.  10.  You  praise  the  good 
health  of  men.  11.  The  teacher  teaches  the  children.  12.  One  praises 
the  industry  of  scholars. 

1.  Mans  yagoms  stagi.  2.  Mot  binof  denu  saunik,  binof  in  kuk.  3. 
Mots  lofofs  cilis.  4.  Jutol,  ab  no  dlefol  lievi  5.  Binos  gudik,  das  no 
lilobs  toti.  6.  Lilols  tidi.  7.  Son  binom  denu  saunik,  ab  no  golom  al 
jul.  8.  Sup  kukela  binom  badik.  9.  Mens  iofoms  dogis.  10.  Binof's 
gudik.  11.  0 julels,  no  binols  dutik  ! 12.  Logons  domi  fata. 


EXERCISE  III. 

1.  Youth  is  the  most  beautiful  time  of  the  whole  life.  2.  Your 
brother  loves  beer  still  more  than  wine.  3.  Our  uncle’s  male  cook  cooks 
better  wine  soup  than  your  female  cook.  4.  My  sisters  wish  to  take  a 
long  walk  ( literally  make  a great  walk)  to-day  with  you  and  with  your 


83  — 


mother.  5.  What  one  sees,  that  one  believes,  and  faith  makes  men 
blessed.  6.  The  age  of  this  building,  which  you  see  here,  is  greater  than 
one  thinks.  7.  Since  two  days  I see  (=1  have  seen  foi  two  days  and  see 
still)  there  in  the  garden  ycur  gardner’s  old  (female)  cat  with  three  small 
cats.  8.  The  house,  which  the  architect  builds  for  us,  has  more  rooms 
than  yours,  for  in  the  lower  story  there  are  five  large  rooms  and  in  the 
upper  story  four  smaller,  but  beautiful,  rooms.  9.  Your  teacher’s  daugh- 
ter, to  whom  (the  teacher  or  the  daughter  ?)  that  house  belongs,  gives 
me  three  dollars  and  her  (whose?)  sister  one  dollar.  10.  We  rather  eat 
apples,  but  most  gladly  pears.  11.  His  younger  brother  has  bad  debts. 
12.  These  men  are  yet  youthful,  but  not  those. 

1.  Deb  binom  gletikun  badas.  2.  Beatik  binorns,  kels  klodoms. 
3.  Spatobs  adelo  ko  jitidel  obas,  kela  blodi  logoi  us.  4.  Givob  ofe  bukis 
jonik,  kels  lonoms  ofe.  5.  Lilob,  das  jiblod  olik  yunikumbinof  maladik. 
6.  Si,  binos  dels  lul  siso  jimaladikel  ajotof  golon  al  jul.  7.  Jinok  obik 
labof  dogis  kil  srnalik  e jidogi  bal;  teli  de  dogs  et  vilof  given  yagele  ob- 
sik.  8.  Kuk  sibinom  in  stok  lopikiin  doma  et.  no  in  disik;  fat  labom 
eemi  okik  lopo,  nok  obas  biiledik  diso.  9.  Mot  omik  vilof  fidon  adelo  in 
gadacem  at  smalik.  10.  Bumamasel  obsik  no  vilom  denu  bumon  juli  in 
lif  oka*)  lolik.  11.  Jikukel  obsik  kukof  peilasupi  gudikuno,  ab  no  me* 
kof  omi  viliko.  12.  No  spatob  adelo,  ibo  no  labob  timi. 


EXERCISE  IV. 

1.  Good  morning  ! (“  I wish  you”  is  understood,  which  is  the  reason 
of  the  accusative  case.)  What,  still  in  bed  ? How  are  you,  my  dear  sir? 
2.  I thank  you,  very  well  ; and  you  ? 3.  Do  you  want  to  take  a walk 
today?  4.  Is  the  weather  fine?  5.  Where  are  my  boots?  6.  Do  you 
(ye)  see  that  horse  which  the  cavalry-man  rides?  7.  Do  the  horsemen 
please  her  better  than  the  hunters?  8.  Don’t  your  sisters  go  to  church? 
9.  Where  in  this  city  does  (can)  one  buy  the  best  hats  and  caps?  10. 
What  do  your  many  horses  eat  ? 11.  How  many  men  speak  the  world 
language  ? 12.  Which  scholar  does  the  teacher  praise  the  most? 

1.  Bukil  at  li-lonom  ole?  Li-si  u li-no?  2.  Kim  no  golom  viliko  al 
gltig?  3.  Tidel  no  li-lobom  duti  pul  as  ? 4.  Hat  ola  nulik  limodo  kos- 
tom  ? 5.  Kostom  doabs  mal  u vel ; e li-olik,  lad  obik?  6.  Ligletik  (or 
lio  gletik)  leliats  binorns,  kelis  jevalels  at  laboms.  7.  Anna  binof  jipul 
lejonik  e so  vomik;  jiblod  ofik  Margaretil  i li-ba?  8.  Li-Margaretil  ? 
0 no,  binof  hetlik  e luvomik.  9.  Stom  vedom  badik  ; li-lilols  toti  ? 10. 
Logobs  bodasmabedis  mal  su  bims  gada  noka  olik  e bali  us  su  smabim. 
11.  Fat  olik  li-smokom  zigadis  u smazigadis.  12.  Kis  binom**)  lab  ! Li- 
binom  labikum  kel  lodom  ledomi  u kellddom  ludomi? 

*)  i.  e.  his  own,  the  same  person  who  is  the  subject  of  the  sentence;  omci,  his, 
would  signify  somebody  else’s,  than  the  subject. 

**)  The  logical  subject,  which  is  the  governing  one  in  Volapiik,  in  this  sentence 
is  la b.  Hence  binom , not  binos,  as  the  grammatical  subject  kis  'would  require. 


— 84  — 


EXERCISE  V. 

1.  Goethe  is  and  will  be  the  great  master  of  German  poetry.  2.  Has 
your  brother  seen  the  superb  church  buildings  in  France,  Germany  and 
Russia,  when  he  traveled  there.  3.  Had  the  servant  given  the  books  to 
the  architect?  4.  No,  sir;  but  he  will  give  them  to  him  as  soon  as  he 
(will  have)  has  got  them  himself.  5.  Have  you  seen  the  pyramids  of 
Egypt?  6.  Yes,  iny  young  lady,  we  have  seen  them;  (one  has  said)  it 
has  been  said,  that  it  is*)  the  oldest  buildings  of  mankind.  7.  Will  Yola- 
piik  become  a language  of  the  whole  world?  8.  Whence  did  ye  come? 
Whither  do  ye  go?  9.  Out  of  the  caterpillar,  that  you  saw  yesterday  in 
our  garden,  there  will  soon  be  a butterfly.  10.  The  waitress  will  bring 
you  coffee  at  once,  as  soon  as  the  cook  has  made  it.  1 1 . The  serving-man 
John  will  get  eight  or  nine  marks  for  his  work  week  alter  next.  12.  Will 
not  the  large  snakes  eat  our  fish? 

1.  Agiipan,  Herodotus  sagom,  iibinom  lan  agiipanelas.  2.  Jidti- 
nel  elemof  adelo  fit  is  plodoabs  jol;  mot  it  esagof  osi**)  obe.  3.  Lusanels 
obizugoms  tiedi , fientels  kafi,  deutels  bili.  4.  Kiop  poedal  elodom,  keli 
menad  milagom?  5.  Lusanel  igivom  obe  smazigadis  bizugik.  6.  Dom 
lufata  obik  alabom  in  stoks  tel  cerais  ziil,  smacemis  jol  e kuki  bal.  7. 
Sosus  ukomols,  ogivob  oles  bukis  kil  noka  obik.  8.  Botel  ablinom  vini 
blode  obik,  plo  kel  adanom  omi  e agolom.  9.  Fientels  id  elaboms  poeda- 
lis.  10.  Cheops  agiipanel  ebumom  piri  gletikiin.  11.  No  ekomom  nog, 
bi  no  elabom  timi.  12.  Jveizels,  kelis  alogob's  edelo,  apukoms  piikis  tel, 
deutiki***)  e flentiki,  ab  no  lusaniki. 


EXERCISE  VI. 

1.  This  shoe  (has  been  made)  is  made  of  most  excellent  leather.  2. 
In  the  morning  coffee  with  milk  is  drunk,  at  noon  meat  is  eaten,  in  the 
evening  bread  and  butter  ( literally  butter-bread)  with  fruit.  3.  In  a 
single  hour  ten  letters  can  be  written  by  no  one.  4.  That  tone  is  too  low, 
wherefore  it  can  hardly  be  heard  at  the  door  of  the  room.  5.  At  night 
the  sound  fortunately  is  always  heard  much  farther  than  in  the  day- 
time. 6.  Drink  is  with  difficulty  done  without  by  men,  food  more  easily. 
7.  Unfortunately  the  hunter’s  wife  has  been  shot,  ( without  that  help  could 
be  brought  her)  without  any  possibility  of  bringing  her  help.  8.  My 
friend’s  house  at  the  gate  had  been  insured  nineteen  years  ago  for  40,000 
dollars.  9.  Rome  was  not  built  in  one  day.  10.  The  victory  is  ours,  but 
five  hundred  of  oursf)  have  been  killed  in  one  battle.  11.  The  enemies 
were  conquered  and  2480  of  them  were  driven  back  to  the  city.  12. 

*)  Binoms , because  the  logical  subject  is  bumots . 

**)  Osi , not  omi,  because  it  has  reference  to  the  whole  preceding  sentence, 
which  is  considered  as  a neuter. 

***)  Declined,  because  it  stands  alone  in  the  place  of  a noun, 
t)  Obsikas  is  declined,  because  it  is  used  as  a noun. 


— 85 


Thirteen  stags  had  been  shot  day  before  yesterday  in  our  forest,  and  to- 
morrow more  than  twenty  will  be  killed* 

1.  Buts  e juks  pamekoms  de  skit.  2.  Tal  palodom  fa  plu  ka  balrnil 
foltum  balion  mens.  3.  In  diips  tel  neflens  piivikodoms,  e mans  veltum 
yelselud  omas  pifunoms  in  pug  bifii  fot.  4.  Tonod  no  li-polilom  vemo 
fagiko  in  nebel  ? 5.  Mans  balselul  ko  yagadogs  mal  pelogoms  neito  in 
pomagad  nebii  dom  flena  olik.  6.  Kelop  pasmokos,  i padlinos.  7.  Pened 
podesedom  odelo  foviko.  sosus  pupenom.  8.  Glikels  pavikodoms  fa  ro- 
mels,  ab  romels  ya  biifu  yels  telmil  fa  deutels.  9.  Man  pofik  nelabom 
valikosi;  labom  tobo  bodi  al  fid5n,  kelkod  yuf  mutorn  pablinon  ome. 
10.  Doms  te  nemddik  akanoms  pabumon  ayelo  in  zif  obas  gletik,  kel  pa- 
lddom nu  fa  mens  jolsetelmil  kiltum  lulsefol.  11.  Tied  pobizugom  egelo 
fa  lusanels  plo  vendelafid,  ab  tobo  fa  flentels.  12.  Adelo  volapiik  papii- 
kom  ya  fa  mens  plu  ka  lulsmil. 


EXERCISE  VII. 

1.  Be  it  so  ! Every  man  must  speak  the  truth.  2.  Tell  me  every- 
thing, that  ye  have  heard.  3.  Let  ail  soldiers  fight  valiantly  for  the 
country  ! 4.  Will  you  please  stay  with  our  sister  a moment ! 5.  Today 
I have  not  time,  it  is  already  a quarter  to  eight.  6.  I assure  you  that  I 
have  written  this  letter  nine  times  already.  7.  Pardon,  please,  if  I dis- 
turb you.  8.  Which  day  (of  the  month)  did  we  have  yesterday?  or  What 
day  (of  the  month)  was  it  yesterday  ? 9.  It  was  the  31st.  30.  In  the 

same  time  the  soldiers  had  shot  for  the  87th  time.  11.  Ten  times  reading*) 
is  not  yet  enough.  12.  Do  not  eat  the  fruit,  for  in  the  first  place  it  is  not 
ripe  yet,  and  in  the  second  place  you  are  not  in  good  health. 

1.  Solats  lanimalik  no  nelabomsoz  zibi  e dlini.  2.  Zifs  rnodik  pe- 
bumoms  telidno.  3.  Esagob  ome  ya  turana,  das  podanom  fa  nek  plo  atos. 
4.  Pakomiposoz  lanimalko  plo  fatan.  5.  Deutels  evikodoms  kilna  in 
laf  telid  yelatuma  at:  in  yel  balmil  joltum  malsefol,  in  yel  balmil  joltum 
malsemal  ed  in  yels  balmil  joltum  vels  e veisebal.  6.  Noolemob  domi  in 
zif,  ibo  balido  kostom  doabs  telsefolmil  e telido  no  oblibob  is  in  Melop. 
7.  Del  kimid  binos  adelo  ? 8 Dup  kimid  binos  ? 9.  Binos  ya  dup  bal- 
sebalid  (or  balsebal)  e foldil  bal.  10.  Blibolos  nog  timilo  e fdsefolos  obis, 
dasokomol  odelo  al  zendelafid;  no  visitol  obis  sato  ofen.  11.  Fogivolos  ! 
No  kanob  adelo,  bi  labobs  lievayagi  gletik,  ab  ovisitob  olis  uvigo.  12. 
Givolod  lulelis  tel  pla  balsel  bal  jipule  at ! 


*)  Note  that  Volapiik  uses  the  infinitive  form  of  the  verb  as  a noun,  not  the 
participle,  as  is  done  in  English. 


86  — 


EXERCISE  VIII. 

1.  Brave  champions  are  honored  by  all  nations.  2.  After  working, 
one  is  generally  hungry  and  thirsty.  3.  What  do  you  usually  eat  after- 
wards? 4.  The  ancient  Germans  used  to  drink  a great  deal  of  wine.  5. 
This  sentence  is  sufficiently  simple,  so  that  you  should  have  understood 
it.  6.  Would  he  not  have  come  long  ago,  if  he  had  not  had  a hundred 
different  things  to  do?  7.  Of  course  I should  go  to  the  theater,  if  I had 
time.  8.  Deers  would  have  been  shot  by  the  hundred  this  year,  if  the 
hunters  had  hit  better.  9.  Every  fifth  one  of  the  soldiers  has  been  killed, 
because  two  hundred  were  killed  out  of  a thousand.  10.  That  tone  was 
heard  four  times  by  each  one  of  us  all.  11.  Those  nations  have  ever 
been  the  happiest,  that  were  continually  united.  12.  In  whichever  direc- 
tion we  look,  we  see  instances  of  God’s  goodness. 

1.  Alonedobov  penedi  obik,  ab  peneds  lonediklin  no  binoms  egelo 
gudikiin*).  2.  Potiit  aibinom  kukel  gudikiin,  as  neliim  aibinom  kava- 
masel  gudikiin.  3.  Agolofov  vadelo  al  teat  ko  jiflen  okik,  if  alabof-la  e 
moni  e timi.  ..4.  A mils  neflens  okomomsov  ini  fatan  obsik,  if  no  oviko- 
dobs-la.  5 Agolobbv  suemiko  al  zif,  if  no  alabob-la  vobi  kilik  al  du- 
non.  6.  Elen  obik  asagom  obe,  das  apod  a kilid  apodabima  gletikiin  in 
pomagad  omik  no  nog  abinom  madik.  7.  Ko  galod  gletikiin  visitobov 
noki  olik,  if  binom-la  domo  8.  Neiijels  ailofoms  velati  mdaiko.  9. 
Abinosdv**)  stim  lanimalikeles  pafunon  plo  fatan.  10.  Lusanels  aidli- 
noms  tiedi  se  glats,  deutels  se  bovils.  11.  Puls  lodoms  a vel  cemis  doma 
gletik,  kel  pebumom  nebii  jui  omas.  12.  God  nedalos  ! Ibinosov  jonik, 
ab  no  akanos  binon  ! 


EXERCISE  IX. 

1.  The  earth  turns  around  its  axis  in  24  hours,  and  about  the  sun  in 
36534  days.  2.  Those  machines  are  moved  by  steam.  3.  Our  machine 
operator  has  struck  himself  on  the  hand.  4.  Let  whomsoever  can  save 
himself!  5.  She  has  sent  a letter  to  herself  in  Volapiik.  6.  He  smiled 
himself,  when  I told  him  that  they  wili  come  yet  today.  7.  This  has  been 
a dear  victory;  there  are  700  dead  and  more  than  2000  wounded  counted.' 
8.  Bring  my  friend  the  glass  bought  yesterday  without  breaking  it,  I 
pray.  9 We  have  bathed  (ourselves)  eight  days  in  the  river  or  in  the 
lake  with  the  sons  of  our  neighbor.  10.  On  the  seashore  the  water  of  the 
rivers  mingles  with  the  water  of  the  sea.  11.  See  there  a needy  and  sick 
man  ! 12.  I believe  that  this***)  gentleman  and  lady  have  seen  each 

other  before.  .. 

*)  Notice,  that  the  second  clause  in  English  implies  a condition:  ‘‘if  it  were 
not  true  that  the  longest  letters,”  etc. 

**)  The  conditional  clause  is  implied  in  the  phrase'  “to  be  killed”='if  they- 
were  killed. 

***)  is  used  in  the  plural,  because  it  refers  to  both  nouns  = sol  at  e l&d  at. 


— 87  — 


1.  As  tal,  sol  i tulom  zii  xab  okik.  2.  Mit  pekukol  binom  saunikum 
ka  no  pekukol.  3.  Neflens  pevikodbl  aniloms  Jani  obsik.  4.  Vin  pemi- 
gik  ko  vat  obinom  saunikum  ole;  sumob  it  omi.  5.  Fieri  obik  nilol  agF 
vom  nami  okik  obe  nen  piikon.  0.  Nilels  nilikiin  no  kapaloms  balvo- 
tiki  is,  ibo  piikoms  piikis  difik.  7.  Fien  obik  asavom  oki  se  vat.  8.  No 
banolsod  olsi  adelo  in  mel ! 9.  Mens  daiebik  no  voboius  gudiko.  10. 

Vikodon  oki  binos  vikod  gletikiin,  ab  i sugiv  fikulikun.  11.  Stun  menas 
abinom  gletik,  ven  alogoms  pesavolis  nilii  jol.  12.  Fiumavat  valik  no 
migom  oki  ko  vat  mela. 


exercise  x. 

1.  Not  a week  passes  without  work:  both  Monday  and  Thursday  we 
have  working  in  the  garden,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Friday  and  Saturday 
we  work  at  home,  only  Sundays  and  great  holidays  is  it  permitted  us  to 
rest.  2.  The  year  is  divided  into  four  seasons  and  each  season  in  three 
months.  3.  Winter  commences  with  the  beginning  of  December,  spring 
with  March,  summer  with  June,  autumn  with  September.  4.  The  divi- 
sion of  the  calendar  is  another,  for  according  to  the  calendar  we  count  for 
instance  summer  from  June  2 1st  until  September  23d,  though  already  in 
the  first  weeks  of  June  the  heat  frequently  gets  to  be  great  and  already  in 
the  beginning  of  September  the  weather  becomes  fall-like.  5.  A quartet 
of  university  students  is  now  singing  in  our  city,  one  of  wdiom  is  a good 
solo  singer.  6.  Geography  describes  the  earth  and  investigates  the  pre- 
sent condition  both  of  the  earth  in  general  and  the  separate  countries; 
geology  is  the  basis  of  geography  and  explores  the  causes  of  its  condition. 

7.  My  friend’s  mother  has  given  him  a large  share  of  her  possession. 

8.  His  uncle  is  a professor  of  medicine.  9.  At  our  university  there  are 
many  more  theologians  than  jurists.  10.  What  do  natural-scientists 
study?  11.  They  study  physics  and  chemistry,  mineralogy,  botany  and 
zoology;  they  study  also  mathematics,  without  an  understanding  ofwhi  di 
natural  science  cannot  be  thoroughly  grasped.  12.  The  mind  of  man 
needs  rest  and  obtains  it  through  sleep. 

1.  Kukcm  zibi  binos  lebalik  vobei  baludelik,  keli  dalobs.  2.  Fogi- 
volos,  sol,  das  no  akomob  adelo;  ifogetob  loliko  clupi  luliidelik.  3.  Gle- 
flen  omik  binom  men  gudik,  ab  no  edatuvom  zelado  giinapuri.  4.  Tikav 
binom  dil  filosopa.  5.  Blod  olik  li-studom  pukavi  u gletavi?  6.  Niver 
obsik  enumom  nog  nevelo  so  modikis  studelis  godava  as  in  lafavel  at.  7. 
Baliido  in  tira  obsik  nat  sola  ekanom  pastudon  stabiko.  8.  Lukilogain 
zifa  olsik  de  loveg  ovi  belem  nilelik  binom  lejonik.  9.  In  nifatim  nifos 
e giadajukon,  in  flolatim  plokon  flolis.  10.  Gabs  et  liegik  laboms  labe- 
dis  gletik  in  Nugan.  11 . Vobei  at  pbfik  pefedugom  dub  pof  . okik  al  tifon. 
12.  Li-logols  bimis  et  geilik  len  jols  flumik  ? 


— 88  — 


EXERCISE  XI. 

1.  In  Australia  there  are  neither  monkeys  nor  foxes,  on  the  whole  no 
animals  of  prey,  but  in  the  other  parts  of  the  earth  there  are  no  pouch 
animals  except  some  few  in  America.  2.  Berlin,  the  chief  city  of  Ger- 
many, is  situated  in  the  North  German  plain.  3.  Stettin  lies  northeast 
from  Berlin,  Leipzig  on  the  contrary  southwest.  4.  Has  the  time  of 
life  of  men  grown  longer  in  our  century?  5.  The  North  American  agri- 
cultural implements  are  much  better  than  those  of  the  Europeans.  6.  It 
is  a widespread  error  that  England  lies  further  nortli  than  Northern  Ger- 
many. 7.  The  savageness  of  Africans  and  Australians  has  often  been 
exaggerated.  8 In  the  summer  of  this  year  we  shall  travel  to  the  county 
of  Glatz,  the  beautiful  mountain  country  of  Silesia.  9.  The  members  of 
the  third  grade  have  returned  by  railroad,  those  of  the  second  on  the 
contrary  walked  back  on  foot.  10.  Cato  always  used  to  say:  “Carthage 
must  be  destroyed”.  11.  A change  of  time  has  been  made  yesterday  by 
all  the  railroads.  12.  The  mountain  ranges  of  Spain  are  much  higher 
than  those  of  Saxony. 

1.  Glebelems  melopik  setenoms  nolusuliido,  silopiks  lefuvesudo.  2. 
Bels  geilikiin  de  Cordilleras  Suliimelopa  binoms  filabels.  3.  Glezif 
Bayana  seistom  mets  lultum  ove  mel,  ut  Spiina  maltum.  4.  In  balsul 
yela  balmil  foltum  ziilsetel  Columbus  adatiivom  Melopi.  5.  l)anii  flenof 
noka  olik  atuvob  slupopi  in  kafdp  nilikiin  du  stom  badik  adelo.  6.  Ju- 
lels  gesagoms  sotimo  tidele  nen  meditdn.  7.  Vendelo  bufu  mated  in  tel- 
dik  zif  e pag  deutik  domom  taimik  e glatik  nog  paidiblekom  bifu  do- 
mayan.  8.  Turanafot  paivisitom  vayelo  fa  foginels  lemodik.  9.  Gletam 
labedas  kolunik  neiijelas  sis  yelatum  biifik  binom  stunik.  10.  Kinan 
deutik  evobom  labedi  lovemelik  oka  gletikiin  in  Lefufikop.  11.  Vesu- 
vius Tala  binom  lebalik  filabel  dunik  fimiina  yulopik.  12.  Cinan  labom 
ninlodelis  modikum  ka  Yulop  ldlik. 


EXERCISE  XII. 

1.  Anna’s  father  remembers  having  seen  a lady  dressed  in  a new 
black  silk  dress  and  a yellow  straw  hat,  when  he  landed  in  New  York  on 
the  fourth  of  July  1870.  2.  The  Cavendish’s  have  always  been  prominent 
in  the  history  of  England.  3.  I am  too  sick  to  call  on  your  mother  this 
week.  4.  You  see  the  sparrows  on  that  tree,  don’t  you?  5.  Yes,  sir,  I 
do,  and  I believe  there  are  at  least  fifteen.  6.  You  have  written  Messrs. 
Braun  & Co.,  have  you  not?  7.  No,  sir,  but  I shall  today.  8.  You  are 
not  going  to  school  tomorrow,  are  you?  9.  Yes,  gentlemen,  indeed  we 
are  ! 10.  Send  me  a can  of  milk,  but  do  assure  yourself  that  the  milk  can 

is  cleaned,  before  you  pour  in  the  milk.  11.  The  state  of  Pennsylvania  is 
much  larger  than  the  kingdom  of  Saxony.  12.  Men  had  once  few  needs; 
but  tlte  needs  and  wishes  of  the  present  men  are  daily  getting  more  numer- 
ous, although  one  could  be  satisfied  with  less. 


— 89 


1.  Balmil  joltuiu  jolsejol  nialul  telsid  diip  malid  godela  jiblod  obik, 
kel  amotof  in  zif  London,  obinof  baledik  yels  kil.  2.  Linos  labik  das  no 
ebinoms  modiks  Warren  Hastings’s  ( Hastings  Uorn)  in  Nidan.  3.  Dokel 
Johnson  (Consn)  Samuel,  bukel  makabik  baiida  vodabuka  nelijik,  adei- 
lom  in  yel  balmil  veltum  jolsefol.  4 Li-evudol  ya  fleni  olik?  5.  Si,  Hid 
obik.  0.  Li-okomom  adelo  ? 7.  Si,  okoniom  zelado  avendelo,  e sosus 
unakomom  okeblinob  omi  al  visiton  oil.  8.  Deblinolod  fladi  vina  se  kay 
e pladolod  vinaglatis  fol  su  tab  in  gad.  9.  Binom  so  neliimik,  das  klodob 
das  okanob-la  dlinon  keni  iolik  sago  de  vat  somik,  keli  zif  New  Orleans 
givom  one.  10.  Suludo  de  tat  Texas  piiblig  Mexico  seistom,  kele  alonom 
vono.  11.  Vat  binom  zesiidik  in  dom  alik  al  dlinon,  yatukon  e kukon  ; 
tim  okomom  nevelo.  keliip  okanon  nelabon  omi.  12.  Men  alik  nedom 
kemeni  okik,  bi  nek  kanom  mokon  valikosi  soalik. 


EXERCISE  XIII. 

Stockholm,  April  30,  1887. 

Walter  Jones,  Esq.,  Milwaukee. 

We  have  received  an  order  of  2000  dollars  from  Messrs.  Leroy  & 
Jerome  in  your  city.  Not  knowing  these  gentlemen  at  all,  we  beg  you  to 
investigate  whether  they  enjoy  a large  credit  at  home.  We  promise  you 
in  advance,  that  we  shall  use  carefully  your  communication  and  assure  you 
that  it  would  be  a great  pleasure  for  us  to  be  able  to  serve  you  in  a similar 
case. 

We  are  yours,  most  sincerely, 

Lind  & Hageby, 
Milwaukee  1887  lulul  26d, 

Soles  Lind  e Ilageby,  Stockholm. 

No  kanob  givon  oies  nuni  fiimik  do  tedadom  penomodol  in  pened 
olsik  de  30d  mu  la  biifik.  Sols  Leroy  e Jerome  laboms  lemacemi  gletik 
in  glesiit  zifa,  ab  nolob  nosi  tefii  monameds  oinsik.  Konsalob  oles  pen  on 
sole  Belmar  in  Chicago,  kel  labom  fetanis  tedik  ke  oms  sis  yels  mo-? 

dumik. 

Spelob  das  okanob  binon  pofiidikum  oles  votikna. 

Divodikiin  olsik, 

Walter  Jones, 


EXERCISE  XIV. 

American  Advertising. 

One  night  last  winter  enormous  posters  had  been  pasted  on  the  walls 
of  New  York,  on  which  was  printed  in  gigantic  letters:  THE  PRESI- 
DENT. . . .MURDERED.  But  when  those  walking  along  came  nearer, 


— 90  — 


they  could  read  other  words  in  much  smaller  letters,  so  that  the  entire 
announcement  was  as  follows: 

THE  PRESIDENT  would  have  been  MURDERED 
by  cold  and  dampness, 
if  he  had  not  worn  for  two  years 
James  Wight’s  woolen  shirts,  31  New  Street. 

POKAGLOK  NEDELIDIK. 

Sol  sembal,  labol  senedi  feinik,  akomom  vono  in  lemacem  glokate- 
dela  de  Wien  ed  adesidom  das  pajonoms-la  ome  pokagloks  goliidik  vola- 
das  difik.  Alemom  bali  plo  maks  turn  ed  amogolom.  Pos  minuts  ne- 
modik  agekomom,  sagol  das  abizugom  gloki*)  jonikum.  Asevalom  bali 
de  maks  teltum  luls  e iisagom  glokatedele:  ‘‘Egivob  ya  ole  makis  turn, 
eko  glok  de  maks  turn,  keli  gegivob  ole,  sikodo  debob  nog  makis  luls”. 
Apelom  makis  lul  okik  e glokatedel  akitom  noati,  danol  milna  bone- 
deii  nulik. 


) Note  that  glok  means  “timepiece”,  i.  e.  both  “watch”  and  “clock”,  and 
that  it  is  not  necessary  to  state  but  once  that  the  story  is  about  a pokaglok  pocket 
timepiece. 


YOLAPUK-ENGLISH  VOCA BULARY. 


jSSTThe  vowels  a,  6,  ii  are  arranged  as  independent  letters,  following  immediately 
after  a,  o and  u respectively. 


a each  (before  numeral  ad- 
aft  but  [verbs),  per 

abu  on  the  contrary 
abilzendelo  this  forenoon 
adelo  today 

aibonedel  regular  customer 
aikel  whoever 
aikelbp  wherever 
aikelup  whenever 
al  to 

alik  every,  each 
alim  everyone 
anik  any,  some 
ans  some  (persons) 

B 

ba  possibly,  I suppose,  prob- 

bad  badness,  evil  [ably 

badik  evil 

badlik  bad 

bakon  bake 

bal  one 

balad  union 

baladik  united,  harmonious 


apod  apple 

as  as,  in  the  capacity  of 

at  this,  the  latter 

aveadelo  this  evening,  tonight 

avigo  this  week 

ayelo  this  year 

adelo  yesterday 

Agupdn  Egypt 

dgilpdnel  an  Egyptian 

dgupdnik  Egyptian 

cd  toward  (a  place) 

as  as,  like 

dsif  as  if 


balam  agreement 
balid  first 

balido  firstly,  in  the  first  place 

balik  simple 

ballon  million 

balna  once 

balnik  of  one  kind 

balo  at  once 


— 92 


bals  ten 

balsebalul  {babul)  November 

balsel  a ten  ($10-bill) 

balsetelat  dozen 

balsetelul  ( [batul ) December 

balsnalik  taking  place  ten 

balsul  October  [times 

baludel  scholar  in  the  first 

balul  January  [grade 

baludel  Sunday 

baludo  for  the  first  time 

balum  solo 

balvotik  each  other 

balvoto  reciprocally 

banon  bathe 

Baydn  Bavaria 

bdlebukat  antiquarian  book- 

bdled  age  [store 

bdledat  antiquity 

bdledik  old,  aged 

beatik  happy,  blessed 

bed  bed 

beg  prayer 

begin  beginning 

beginon  begin 

began  pray,  beg 

bel  mountain 

belem  mountain  range 

belemaldn  mountain  country 

Beljdn  Belgium 

beno  well,  good  (adv.) 

benovip  well-wishes,  congratu- 

bepenon  describe  [lation 

bevii  between,  among 

bevunetik  international 

bev'uno  meanwhile 

hi  because 


bib  bible 

bid  mode,  kind,  species 
bifo  ahead,  in  front 
bifu  (before  a vowel  bif)  be- 
fore (in  place),  in  front  of 
bil  beer 
him  tree 
binon  be 

biseo  in  advance,  beforehand 

bisiedal  president  (ofarepub- 

bisiedel  presiding  officer  [lie) 

bizugik  excellent 

bizugon  prefer 

bldgik  black 

bled  leaf,  journal 

blefik  brief 

blekon  to  break 

blibon  remain,  stay 

blinbn  bring 

Mod,  brother 

Mbf  proof 

Mud  blood 

bluf  test,  sample 

bluk  brook 

bluf  trial,  attempt 

hoad  wood  (material) 

bod  bread 

bofik  both 

bolit  politics 

boned  order,  a thing  ordered 
bonedam  order  (action),  sub- 
scription 

bonedel , customer,  subscriber 

bos  something 

bov  platter 

bovil  cup 

bob  pocketbook 


bod  bird 

bwmatabel  builder,  carpenter 

boladon  to  charge,  debit 

bumot  building  (completed) 

hotel  waiter 

bumon  to  build 

bufil  (before  a vowel  buf)  be 

but  boot 

fore  (in  quality),  ahead  of  bad  order,  command 

bvk  book 

bufik  former,  preceding 

bukakolet  library 

bufo  before  (conjunction) 

hukdkoletel  librarian 

bufil  (before  a vowel  buf)  be- 

bukam bookkeeping 

fore  (in  time),  previous 

bnkatedam  bookstore 

bukel  printer  [to,  ago 

bvkel  author  (of  a book) 

bukon  to  print 

bum  building  (action) 

bun  pear 

bumamasel  arch  i tect 

buzendel  forenoon 

c. 

cifal  general  manager 

eal  office  (function) 

ccdel  officer 

cifel  head  of  a department 

can  merchandise 

cil  child 

c'il  position  (employment) 

cin  machine 

can  change  (money) 

Cindn  China 

cem  room,  chamber 

cog  joke,  fun,  wit 

cen  change 

cod  justice 

cif  chief,  leader,  director 

codel  justice,  judge 

D. 

da  through  (a  place) 

dat  so  that,  in  order  that 

dabalik  single,  separate 

datikbn  excogitate,  invent 

daduk  education 

datuvon  invent 

dageton  attain,  reach 

datuvbn  discover 

dalebon  be  in  need,  be  poor 

dawestig'on  explore 

dalon  dare 

dalon  permit,  allow 

dan  thanks 

de  from,  of 

danon  to  thank 

deb  debt 

danu  thanks  to 

deblinbn  bring  out,  fetch 

das  that 

debon  owe 

94  — 


deilon  die 
del  day 

delidik  dear,  high-priced 
delids  cost,  expenses 
deliko  daily 
delo  in  the  daytime 
denu  again 
denuam  repetition 
desanon  intend 
desedon  send  off 
desidon  desire,  ask 
desin  purpose 
det  right  (hand) 
detul  detail,  retail 
Deut(dn)  Germany 
deutel  a German 
deutik  German 
dibik  deep 

diblekon  break  to  pieces 

difik  different 

dil  part 

dilo  partly 

din  thing,  object 

dis  under 

diseinu  for  the  purpose  of 
disik  lower 
diso  below 
disopendd  signature 
disopenon  to  sign 
distukon  destroy 


disu  below 

divodik  devoted 

died  fear 

dlefon  hit 

dlin  a drink 

dlinon  to  drink 

do  although 

doab  dollar 

dog  dog 

dokel  doctor 

dol  pain 

dom  house 

domo  at  home 

doniom  household  goods 

dot  doubt 

do  of,  about,  regarding 

du  while,  during 

dub  through,  by  means  of 

dugon  direct,  lead 

dukon  to  guide 

dun  act,  deed 

dunan  agent 

dunik  active 

dunon  act,  do 

dut  industry  (application) 

dutik  industrious 

dun  service 

dilnan  servant 

diinel  domestic  servant 

dup  hour 


E. 

e (before  vowels  ed ) and,  e-e  ek  somebody 

both  — and  eko  see  here,  here  is 

edelo  day  before  yesterday  et  that  (pronoun) 

egelo  always  evelo  ever 


— 95  — 


fa  by 

fablild  factory 
fag  farness,  distance 
fagik  far 
fed  fall,  case 

falim  failure  (commercial) 
falo  in  case  (conjunction) 
fat  father 

feitein  fatherland,  native 
fag  capacity,  ability  [country 
feb  trade  (occupation) 
fed  federation,  alliance 
fedugbn  mislead,  seduce 
fegebon  consume 
fegolon  pass  away,  perish 
fell  field  (cultivated) 
feilom  agricultural  imple- 
ments 

feinik  fine,  distinguished 
fenik  tired 
fetan  connection 
fiam  firm  (commercial) 
fid  meal 
fidon  eat 

fied  fidelity,  faithfulness 
Fikop  Afrika 
fikopel  an  African 
fikopik  African 
fikulik  difficult 
fil  fire 

filabel  volcano 
filosop  philosophy 
fim  firmness 

fimtin  mainland,  terra  firma 
fin  end,  conclusion 


F. 

fined  finger 
fino  finally,  at  last 
fit  fish 
field  bottle 
fiapon  strike 
fieri  friend 

flenof  friendliness,  amiability 

Flent(ari)  France 

flentel  Frenchman 

flentik  French 

fienilg  friendship 

fliton  fly 

flodon  freeze,  feel  cold 
flol  flower 

fiolatim  spring  (season) 

floton  freeze,  form  ice 

fiuk  fruit  (anything  that 

finkatim  autumn,  fall  [grows) 

flum  river 

foet  savage 

foetof  wildness 

foginel  foreigner 

fell  four 

foldil  quarter 

folna  four  times 

fols  forty 

folul  April 

foliidel  Wednesday 

foliim  quartet 

fat  forest,  wood 

fovik  rapid,  quick 

fovo,  foviko  quickly,  at  once 

foxaf  fox 

fogeton  forget 

fogivon  forgive 


96  — 


fosefon  assure 

fran  franc  (money) 

fugon  flee 

fulik  full 

furion  kill 

fut  foot 

futel  walker 


gab  Count,  Earl 
gabef  county 
gad  garden 
gadel  gardner 
gadom  garden  tools 
gased  journal,  gazette 
gasin  gas 
gal  joy 

gdlod  pleasure 
gdlon  rejoice 
gebon  use 

gedlanon  drive  back,  repulse 
gegivon  return  (give  back) 
geilik  high 

gekbmon  return  (come  back) 

gepukbn  to  answer 

gesagon  to  reply 

geton  get,  receive 

gevegbn  return  (to  journey 

gianik  gigantic  [back) 

git  law,  right,  justice 

giiav  jurisprudence 

gitavel  jurist 

givon  give 

glad  ice 

gladajuk  skate 

gladajulcon  to  skate 


futelbn  walk,  go  afoot 
futo  afoot 
fildik  future 
fumik  precise,  positive 
fusild  physics,  natural  phi- 
fut  foot  (measure)  [losophy 


G. 

glaf  sword 
gldt  glass 

gleflen  bosom  friend,  intimate 
glem  grain,  cereals  [friend 
glen  grain  (kernel) 
glesilt  principal  street 
glet  greatness,  size 
Gletabritdn  Great  Britain 
gletam  increase 
gletav  mathematics 
gletik  great,  large 
glezif  capital  city 
glid  greeting,  salutation 
Glik(dn ) Greece 
glikel  a Geeek 
glikik  Greek 
glofon  grow 

glok  timepiece,  clock,  watch 
glok  bell 
glilg  church 
glunik  green 
God  God 
godav  theology 
godavel  theologian 
gok  cock 
golon  go 
gollld  gold 


goliidik  of  gold,  golden 
gorion  run 
gbdel  morning 
godelo  in  the  morning 
gon  favor 
gud  goodness 


hat  hat 

hetik  hateful,  detestable 
hetlik  ugly 


i (before  vowels  id)  also 
ib,  ibo  for,  because 
if  if 

ifi  even  if 
in  in 
ini  into 


jad  shade 
jafon  create 
jaf  business 
jek  fright 

jel  shelter,  protection 

jen  fact,  history 

jenon  take  place,  happen 

jeval  horse 

jevalel  cavalry -man 

jiblod  sister 

jibbtel  waitress 

jidog  bitch 

jidunel  maid  servant 


- 07  - 

gudik  good 
gudlik  kind 
gudbf  kindness 
gul  angle 
gun  coat 
gun  gun 

H. 

hit  heat 

hitatim  summer 
hoi  mile 

I. 

is  here 
isa  hence 
isi  hither 

isik  this,  the  present 
it  self 

J. 

jifit  spawner 
jiflen  female  friend 
jigok  hen 

jil  female  (of  animals) 

jimatel  wife 

jinok  aunt 

jip  sheep 

jipul  girl 

jireg  queen 

jison  daughter 

jistclg  hind 

jit  shirt 

ritidel  female  teacher 


— 98  — 


jivobel  laboring  woman 
Jlesan  Silesia 
jol  shore,  bank 
j orion  show,  point 
jol  eight 
jols  eighty 
jolul  August 

jonik  beautiful,  handsome 
joton  close,  end,  conclude,  stop 
j niton  enjoy 


juk  shoe 
jul  school 
julel  scholar 
juton  shoot 
ju  till,  until  (prep.) 
jils  until  (conj.) 
Jveiz(dm)  Switzerland 
jveizel  a Swiss 
jveizik  Swiss 

K. 


ka  than 
had  card 
kadem  academy 
leaf  coffee 
kafop  cafe 

kalam  calculation,  account 

kaled  calendar 

kalod  cold 

kalon  calculate 

kam  plain  (surface) 

kanitel  singer 

kaniton  sing 

kanon  be  able,  can 

kap  head 

leaped  intelligence 

kapdlon  understand 

kapdlub  understanding 

kat  cat 

katad  capital  (money) 
katil  kitten 

kautik  careful,  prudent 
kav  cellar 
kavamasel  host 
kdd  cash 
ke , see  ko 


keblinon  bring  along 

kel  (, kelof  kelosj  who,  which, 

kelkod  for  which  reason  [that 

kelop  where 

kelup  when 

Icemen  fellow-man 

ken  can,  gallon 

kid  kiss 

kiem  chemistry 

kif,  feminine  form  of  kim 

kik  key 

kikod  why  ? 

kikon  to  look 

kil  three 

kilid  third 

kilik  triple 

kilna  thrice 

kils  thirty 

kilsebalid  thirtyfirst 

kiludel  scholar  of  the  third 

kilul  March  [grade 

kiludel  Tuesday 

kim  who  ? 

kimid  which  (in  order)  ? 
kimik  what  kind  of  a ? 


— 99  — 


Icinan  realm,  empire 
Icirion  dare,  have  courage 
kiof,  feminine  form  of  kiom 
kiom  which  ? what  ? 
kios,  neutral  form  of  kiom 
kidp  where  ? 
kidpa  whence? 
kidpi  whither  ? 
kis,  neutral  form  of  kirn 
kit  receipt  (for  money,  etc*) 
kiup  where  ? 

Mad  class 
klebon  to  paste 
klif  cliff,  rock 
klig  war 

Mil  clearness,  lucidity 
Him  vice 
Hindu  to  clean 
Hop  crop,  harvest 
Hot  dress 
kloidn  to  dress 
Hod  faith,  belief 
klodat  credit 
Modem  believe 
kldf  cloth 

Hub  club,  association,  society 
ko  (before  o Ice)  with 

L 

lab  property 
labed  possession 
labdn  have 
lad  heart 

ladet  address  (direction) 
iaf  a half 
lafab  alphabet 
lafayel  semester 


kod  cause,  reason 

kodon  to  cause 

kol  toward  (a  person) 

kolun  colony 

kolunik  colonial 

komip  combat,  fight 

komipel  combatant,  champion 

komipon  to  fight 

komii  in  the  presence  of,  before 

Icon  story,  relation 

konsdldn  advise 

konsdlem  congress 

Icop  body 

koston  cost 

kotenik  content 

kol  color 

kdmon  come 

kdn  corn 

kdsel  cousin 

kdton  cut  (with  edge-tools) 

kritik  Christian 

kud  care 

kuk  kitchen 

kukel  a cook 

kukon  to  cook 

kuliv  culture,  civilization 

kiib  cube 


lajik  half 
lainik  woolen 
laic  lake 
lam  arm 
lan  soul 

layxed  country  (not  city) 
lanedat  agriculture 
lanim  spirit,  force 


100  ■ 


lanimcil  courage,  bravery 
lanimalik  brave 
lapin  rapine,  prey 
lapinanim  predatory  animal 
latik  late,  tardy 
Id  near  by 

lab  fortune,  luck,  happiness 
labik  fortunate,  happy 
Uibo  fortunately 
lad  lady,  Mrs. 

Ian  land 

Idnon  to  land 

latik  latter,  last 

lebalik  sole,  only,  unique 

lebeno  very  well 

lebob  bank,  banking  house 

ledik  red 

ledom  palace,  castle 

lefulnik  complete 

lefud  east 

Lefudan  Orient 

legletik  enormous,  immense 

lehdt  helmet 

leig  equality 

lejonik  beautiful,  handsome 

lekan  art 

lekanel  artist 

lei  iron 

lelit  lightning 

lelod  railway 

lemacem  store 

lemasel  grand  master 

lemon  buy,  purchase 

len  by  the  side  of,  on 

lenad  learning 

leno  not  at  all,  by  no  means 

lenun  advertisement 


leod  order,  arrangement 

lep  monkey 

lesagon  assert,  assure 

lesi  yes  indeed  !,  certainly 

lesin  crime 

lesol  great  lord 

lestim  esteem,  great  respect 

leton  let,  allow 

leul  oil 

leyan  gate 

lib  liberty,  freedom 

lieg  wealth,  richness 

liegik  wealthy,  rich 

liev  hare,  rabbit 

lif  life 

lif  on  live 

lif  up  lifetime 

liko  how  ? 

likof  quality,  condition 
lil  ear 

liladon  read 
Mon  hear 
Urn  limb,  member 
limep  emperor 
limodik  how  many  ? 
lineg  tongue 
linn  around,  about 
lit  light 

liv  delivery,  absolution 
lob  praise 
lobon  to  praise 
log  eye 

logon  see,  look 
lot  rose 
lom  home 
Ion  law 
loned  length 


101  — 


lonedik  long 

lufidon  devour,  eat  (of  ani- 

lonedotimo  long  ago 

lugivon  lend  [mals) 

lonedon  lengthen,  prolong 

luhdt  cap 

lot  guest 

luimik  wet 

loted  hotel 

lukilogam  view,  outlook 

lotop  inn 

lukomed  advertising  dodge 

love  across  [ belaloveg) 

lul  five 

loveg  pass  (mountain  pass 

lulel  a fi  ve  ($5-bill) 

lovemelik  transmarine 

lulid  fifth 

lovik  low  (not  loud) 

luls  fifty 

lodbn  inhabit,  dwell,  live 

lulul  May 

lof  love 

luludel  Thursday 

Ibfik  beloved,  dear 

lupab  caterpillar 

loflik  lovely,  agreeable 

Lusdn  Russia 

lofbn  to  love 

lusdnel  a Russian 

lolik  entire,  whole 

lusdnik  Russian 

lomib  rain 

lustom  storm,  tempest 

lonbn  belong  to 

lut  air 

Ibpik  upper,  superior 

luum  less 

Ibpo  above  (adv.) 

luilno  at  least 

l&pu  above  (prep.),  over 

luvomik  effeminate,  old- 

Lostan  ( Lbstakin ) Austria 

Ulen  degree  [womanish 

lubov  plate 

lufat  father-in-law 

ludom  cottage,  hut 

lug  mourning 

luf  grape 

luxam  luxury,  extravagance 

lufat  step-father 

M, 

ma  in  accordance  with 

man  man 

madik  ripe,  mature 

mandl  manliness 

maf  measure 

masel  master 

mafod  moderation 

mat  marriage 

mag  image,  drawing,  picture 

mated  wedding 

male  mark  (money) 

matel  husband 

mal  mark,  sign 

mdgbn  to  be  allowed  to,  may 

malddde  sick 

malcabik  celebrated 

malddbfik  sickly 

mal  six 

102  — 


metis  sixty 

mdlul  June 

mdludel  Friday 

me  with,  by  means  ot 

mebon  remind 

medin  medicine 

medinav  medical  science 

mediton  meditate,  consider, 

meid  meadow  [reflect 

meil  meal,  flour 

mekon  make,  accomplish 

mel  sea 

Melop  America 

melopel  an  American 

melopik  American 

mem  memory 

memon  remember,  recollect 

men  man,  human  being 

menad  humanity,  mankind 

menal  humanity,  benevolence 

menalik  humane 

menik  human 

met  meter  (measure) 

migon  mix 

mil  thousand 

milagon  admire 

mileg  butter 

milegabod  buttered  bread, 
milig  milk  [bread  and  butter 
milit  army,  military 
7Yiilna  a thousand  times 
min  mineral 


minav  mineralogy 
minut  minute 
mit  meat 

mod  mode,  manner,  method 
mofo  away 
mofon  drive 
mon  money 

monitel  horseman,  rider 
moniton  ride  horseback,  be 
mot  mother  [mounted 

motof  birth 

moton  bear,  give  birth  to 
mob  furniture 

mod  numerousness,  multitude 

miodik  many,  numerous 

modo  much 

modumiks  several 

mog  possibility 

mogik  possible 

mokon  prepare  (make  up) 

mblodon  to  murder 

mon  wall 

mud  mouth 

muf  movement 

mufam  motion 

muf  on  move 

mul  month 

mun  moon 

musig  music 

muton  be  obliged  to,  must 
mill  mill 

muton  compel,  force 


N. 

na,  (before  vowels  wag)  after  nakbmon  arrive 

nad  needle  [(conj.),  when  nam  hand 

naf  ship  namapen  handwriting 


103 


namdt  manufacture 
namun  trade  (work) 
nat  nature 

natav  natural  science 
natavel  naturalist 
ndgon  sew 
nebel  valley 

nebil  (before  a vowel  neb)  by 
the  side  of,  beside,  next  to 
ned  need,  necessity 
nedalon  forbid,  prohibit 
nedelidik  cheap 
nedet  left  (hand) 
nedon  need,  have  need  of 
nedut  laziness,  idleness 
nefikulik  easy 
neflen  enemy 
negelo  at  no  time 
negit  wrong,  injustice 
neif  knife 
neit  night 
neito  at  night 
nek  no  one 

nelabbn  do  without,  want, 
neldbo  unfortunately  [miss 
Nelij(dn)  England 
nelijel  Englishman 
nelijik  English 
velum  thirst 
nelumik  thirsty 
nem  name 

nemodik  not  much,  a little, 
nemon  call,  name  [few 

nen  without 
nendas  without  (conj.) 
nesion  deny,  refuse 
net  nation 


nev  nerve 

nevelo  never 

ni  — ni  neither  — nor 

nid  brilliancy 

Niddn  India 

niddnel  Hindu 

nidian  Indian  (American) 

nif  snow 

nifatim  winter 

nif  os  it  snows 

nig  ink 

nil  vicinity 

nilel  neighbor 

nilik  near 

nilon  approach 

nilll  near,  close  by 

nim,  animal 

nimav  zoology 

nindilam  division 

nindilon  divide 

ningifon  pour  in 

ninlodel  inhabitant 

nisul  island 

niver  university 

no  no 

noat  bill,  invoice 
nodt  banknote,  bill 
nog  yet,  still 
vol  knowledge 
nolbn  know 
nolud  north 

Noludeut  North  Germany 
nolulefud  north  east 
Nolumelop  North  America 
nolumelopik  North  American 
nom  rule 

nomik  normal,  regular 


— 104  - 


nonilc  no,  none 

nos  nothing  [tisement 

not  announcement,  adver- 
novo , li-novo  is  it  not  so? 
nog  egg 
ndJc  uncle 

nbmodon  mention,  name 
not  nut 
nu  now 


nud  nose 
Nugdn  Hungary 
nuik  present,  existing 
nulik  new 
num  number 
numon  to  count 
nun  information 
nunon  inform 
nun  communication 


o. 


obi 

obik  my 
obs  we 
obsik  our 
odelo  tomorrow 
of  she 

ofen  often,  frequently 
ofik  her 

ofs  they  (women) 
ofsilc  their 
ok  himself,  herself 
okik  his  own,  her  own 
oks  themselves 
oksik  their  own 
ol  thou,  you 
olik  thy,  your 


ols  ye,  you 

olsik  your 

om  he 

omik  his 

oms  they  (men) 

omsik  their  (men’s) 

on  one,  some  one 

onik  one’s 

ons  you 

onsik  your 

os  it 

ot  the  same 

ove  above  (in  place) 

ovi  over 

ovu  over  (motion) 
o ah  ! what ! 


P. 


pab  butterfly 
pag  village 
pakion  to  spread 
pam  palm-tree 

pat  particularity,  speciality 
pdkon  to  pack 
Pebaltats  United  States 


peil  pea 
pelbn  pay 
pen  pen 
pened  letter 
penon  write 
pir  pyramid 
pla  instead  of 


— 105  — 


plad  place 

pladon  to  place,  put 

plan  plant 

planav  botany 

pld  besides,  aside  from 

pie , see  plo 

pled  play 

pleid  pride 

plek  prayer  (to  God) 

plidbn  please 

plo  (before  an  o pie)  for 

plo  fed  professor 

plon  complaint 

plbkon  pluck 

plop  success 

plu  more 

pliidon  to  like 

po  after  (in  place),  behind 

poed  poetry  (the  art) 

poedal  great  poet 

poedel  poet  (in  general) 

pok  pocket 

pokaglok  watch 

polon  carry 

pom  fruit  (tree  fruits) 

pon  bridge 

pop  people 

pos  after  (in  time) 


poso  afterwards 
pot  post,  mail 
potastit  post  office 
pozendel  afternoon 
pof  poverty 
pdfik  poor 

p'df  'ud  advantage,  usef ulnes 
pdfudik  useful 
pok  fault 
pdlub  error 
. polild  loss 

poraeton  to  promise 
pbn  punishment 
pop  paper 
posod  person 
pbtet  potato 

potll  on  the  occasion  of 

potut  hunger 

potutik  hungry 

pug  battle 

pul  boy 

pur  powder 

publig  republic 

pad \ peace 

puk  speech,  language 
pukau  philology 
pukbn  speak 


R. 

reg  king  Rom  Rome 

regakindn  kingdom  romel  a Roman 

rel  religion  romik  Roman 

rig  origin 


106  - 


S. 


sab  sand 
sagon  say,  tell 
sale  sack,  pouch 
sal  salt 

sam  example,  as  s.  for  in - 
sanel  physician  [stance 

sap  wisdom 
satin  silk 
saun  health 

saunik  sound,  well  (in  good 

savon  save,  rescue  [ health ) 

Saxan  Saxony 

sago  even 

sctk  question 

sdto  enough,  sufficiently 

sdton  suffice,  be  enough 

se  out  of,  from 

sedan  send,  forward 

sefon  insure,  make  safe 

segun  according  to 

seiston  lie,  be  situated 

seit  position 

seiton  to  place,  put 

sek  result,  consequence 

sel  sale 

selon  sell 

sembal  some... or  other 
semik  one,  a certain 
sened  an  exterior 
senon  feel 
set  sentence 
setenon  extend 
sevalon  select 

sevon  know,  be  acquainted 
si  yes  [with 


sidm  sense  (understanding) 
sibinon  exist,  be 
sid  seed 
sied  seat 

siedon  sit,  be  seated 

sien  sense  (the  five  senses) 

sif  citizen  [guished) 

sikik  prominent  (distin- 

sikod  therefore,  consequently 

sil  heaven,  sky 

silef  silver 

Silop  Asia 

silopik  Asiatic 

sin  sin 

sis  since 

siso  since  that  time 

skil  skill 

skit  leather 

slaf  slave 

sleb  stair 

slep  step,  grade 

slip  sleep 

sludon  resolve,  make  up  one's 

slupop  hiding  place  [mind  to 

smabed  nest 

smabel  hill 

smabim  bush,  shrub 

smabov  plate 

smacem  chamber 

smal  smallness 

svialik  small 

smazigad  cigarette 

smek  taste  (sense) 

smel  smell 

smilon  laugh 


— 107 


sinokon  smoke 

smulon  smile 

snek  snake 

so  so,  thus 

soalik  alone,  solitary 

sod  but  (after  negation) 

sodas  so  that,  in  order  that 

sog  society 

sogii  in  the  company  of 
sol  sun 
solat  soldier 
som  such  (noun) 
somik  such  (adj.) 
son  son 

sosus  as  soon  as 
sotimo  sometimes 
sol  Sir,  Mr. 
sot  duty 

soton  owe  it,  be  one’s  duty 
spad  space 
spalon  spare 

spat  walk  (for  pleasure  or  ex- 

spaton  take  a walk  [ercise) 

spdlon  save,  be  saving 

Span  Spain 

spdnel  Spaniard 

spar  sparrow 

spdon  to  hope 

spid  haste 

spidon  hurry  up 

spodon  correspond 

stab  basis,  foundation 

stabik  thorough 

stad  state,  condition 

stadon  be  (in  a certain  con- 

stam  stem,  trunk  [dition) 

station  to  stand 


stag  hind 
stein  standard 
stedik  straight 
stel  star 
stem  steam 

stemacin  steam  engine 
stenied  strength 
stenudik  strong,  mighty 
step  step,  footstep 
stil  stillness 
stim  honor 
stimon  to  honor 
stimu  in  honor  of 
slit  establishment 
stof  cloth 
stol  straw 
stom  weather 
ston  stone 
stopbn  stop 

stive  story  (of  a house) 
stud  study 
studel  student 
studbn  to  study 
stuk  construction 
stum  instrument,  tool 
stun  astonishment 
stui  style 
stum  esteem 
su  on 

suam  sum,  total 
snemik  intelligible 
suemiko  of  course 
suemon  grasp,  comprehend 
sufon  suffer,  endure 
sugiv  task,  lesson 
sukbn  follow,  succeed 
sullid  south 


— 108  — 


Siilumdop  South  An] erica 

mluvesiido  sou  t h westerly 

sumon  seize,  take 

suno  soon 

sup  soup 

sus  over 

msi  upward 

T 

ta  against 
tab  table 
taim  clay 
talced  rest 
talcedon  to  rest 
takon  be  quiet 
tal  earth 

taladil  division  of  the  earth 

tala,v  geology 

taled  geography 

Talop  Australia 

talopel  Australian 

tat  state 

Tats  pebalol,  see  Pebaltats 

Tdl(dn)  Italy 

tdvon  to  travel,  journey 

te  only 

teat  theater 

ted  trade,  commerce 

tedadom  commercial  house, 

tedel  merchant  [firm 

tedilc  commercial 

tefu  concerning,  regarding 

teg  cover 

tel  two 

teldik  many  a [time 

telidno  for  the  second  [place 
telido  secondly,  in  the  second 


suso  up 

sud  custom,  morals 

sukbn  seek,  search 

sill  heaven  (spiritual) 

sumik  ] ike,  similar,  analogous 

sut  street 

Sved(dn ) Sweden 


telion  billion 
telna  twice 
tels  twenty 

teludel  scholar  in  the  second 

telul  February  [grade 

teludel  Monday 

tenal  eternity 

tenon  stretch 

tep  tempest,  storm 

ti  almost 

tid  instruction,  doctrine 

tidel  teacher 

tid'on  teach 

tied  tea 

tif  theft 

tifel  thief 

tifon  steal 

tik  thought 

tikdl  mind,  spirit 

tikam  thinking 

tikav  logic 

tiko7i  think 

tim  time 

timil  moment,  instant 
timilo  a little  while 
tlep  dread,  fright 
tlod  consolation 
tof  drop 


109 


ton  tone,  sound 

tonab  letter  (o i the  alphabet) 

tonod  sound  (physical  pheno- 

top  place,  locality  [menon) 

tob  exertion,  trouble 

tobo  hardly 

tot  thunder 

tu  too 

tab  barrel 

tudunon  exaggerate 
tug  virtue 

u 

u (before  vowels  ud)  or 
uf — ud  either  — or 
umo  more 
us  there,  yonder 
usa  thence 

V 

va  whether,  if 
vab  wagon 
vaf  weapon 
vag  emptiness 
val  universe 
valadon  wait,  await 
valadop  waiting  room 
valemo  in  general 
valik  all 

valiko  on  the  whole 
valikos  everything 
valodik  universal,  general 
vamik  warm 
vat  water 
vatof  dampness 
vatvkon  wash 


tulon  turn 
t urn  hundred 

tumna  one  hundred  times 

tumnik  of  hundred  kinds 

tumik  h u nd  red  fol  d 

tupon  disturb 

tut  tooth 

tuv  a find 

tuvbn  to  find 

Turiin  Thuringia 

tuv  discovery 


usi  thither 

ut  that  (pronominal  noun) 
uvigo  week  after  next 
uno  most 


vdddo  every  day 
vddik  wrong,  incorrect 
val  election 
vdyelo  every  year 
vedon  become 
veg  road 

vegon  journey,  be  on  the  way 

veitik  wide 

vel  seven 

velat  truth 

velid  seventh 

vels  seventy 

velul  July 

veludel  Saturday 

vemo  very 

ven  when 


vendel  evening 
vendelafid  supper 
vendelo  in  the  evening 
vestigon  investigate 
vesud  west 
vet  weight 
vetik  heavy 
vidik  broad 
vien  wind 
vietik  white 
vig  week 
vikod  victory 
vikodon  conquer 
vil  will 

viliko  willingly 

vildn  be  willing,  wish 

vin  wine 

vindit  vengeance 

vip  wish 

vipon  to  wish 

vised  prudence 

visit  visit 

vob  work 

vobel  laborer 

vob'dn  to  work 


xab  axis 

xam  examination 


110  — 

vokdn  to  call 
vol  world 

volapvk  universal  language 

vom  woman 

vomik  womanly 

vomul  Miss 

vot  change,  alteration 

votik  other 

votikna  some  other  time 
votim  another  one 
votop  change  of  place,  migra- 
votup  change  of  time  [tion 
vob'dn  acquire 
vod  word 

vodabuk  dictionary 

vodalised  vocabulary 

vog  voice 

vogon  vote 

w'dlad  value,  price 

v'dniko  formerly 

vono  once,  at  one  time 

vul  root 

vun  wound 

vunon  to  wound 

vudon  invite 

X. 

xdn'dn  ascend 
xol  ox 


Y. 


ya  already 
yag  chace,  hunt 
yagel  hunter 
yagon  to  hunt 
yam  lament 


yan  door 

ye  (before  vowels  yed ) cer- 
yeb  grass  [tainly,  probably 
yeg  object  (article) 
yel  year 


yelatim  season 
y datum  century 
yelibik  yellow 
yudel  jew 
yuf  help 


zad  delicacy 
zeil  aim 
zel  festival 
zeladel  holiday 
zeladelo  on  holidays 
zen  ashes 
zendd  noon 
zenddajid  dinner 
zendelo  at  noon 
zenod  center 
zeslid  need,  necessity 
zesudik  necessary 
zib  food 
zid  occurrence 


— Ill  — 

Yulop  Europe 
yulopel  a European 
yun  youth 
yuniic  young 
yunlik  youthful 

z. 

zif  city 

zigad  cigar 

zil  zeal 

zit  occasion 

ziton  take  place 

zot  ticket  (not  entrance  t.), 

zugon  draw,  puli  [poster 

zun  anger 

zu  around 

zud  acid 

zul  nine 

zulna  nine  times 
zuls  ninety 
zvlui  September 


— 112  — 


ENGLISH- V 0 LA PU K VOCABULARY. 


4t^The  render  is  reminded  that  corresponding  words,  belonging  to  other  parts  of 
speech  than  those  here  given,  can  be  easily  formed  by  substituting 
the  proper  endings. 


A. 


ability  fag 

abl efagik,  be  a.  karion  \ba 
about  (regarding)  do , (nearly) 
above  (adv.)  lopo , (prep*) 
[lop'f  ove 

accordance,  in  a.  with  ma 
according  to  segun 
account  (mercantile)  kalam 
acid  zud 

act  (deed)  dun , to  a*  dunon 

active  dunik 

admire  milagon 

advance,  in  a.  biseo 

advertisement  not , lenun 

advise  koasillon 

Africa  Fikop  [(time) 

after  (prep.)  po  (place),  pos 

after  (conj.)  na  (before  vow- 

afternoon  pozendel  [els)  nag 

afterwards  poso 

again  denn 

against  ta 

age  belled 

agent  dunan 

ago  biifii  (precedes  the  noun) 
agriculture  lanedat 
agricultural  implement  feilom 


aim  zeil,  to  a,  zeilvn 
air  lut 
all  valik 
allow  ddlon 
almost  ti 
alone  soalik 
alphabet  la  fab 
already  ya 

also  i (before  vowels  id) 
although  do 
always  egelo 
America  Melop 
among  bevil 

and  e (before  vowels  ed) 

anger  zun 

animal  nim 

announce  noton 

another  (noun)  votim,  (adj.) 

vot.ik , a.  time  votikna 
answer,  to  a.  gesagon , gepukon 
antiquity  biiledat 
any  anik 
apple  apod 
approach  nilon 
April  folul 
architect  bumamasel 
arm  lam 


— 113  — 


around  (adv*)  £mo,  (prep.) 
arrive  naJcmnon  [ Unit , zil 

art  kany  fine  a.  lekan 
artist  lekanel 

as  as , (like)  ds,  as  if  cm/ 

Asia 

aside  from  pld 
ask  (desire)  desidon , (ques- 
association  klub  [tion)  mkon 
assure  lesagon , fosefon 
astonishment  sftm 

B 

bad  badlik 
bake  baJcon 

bank  Zedod,  river  b,  jol 
basis  sZad  * 

bathe  barion 
battle  pug 
Bavaria  Bay  an 
be  binon , (in  a certain  condi- 
tion) stadon , (exist)  sibinon 
beautiful  jonik,  very  b.  lejonik 
because  di,  -ido 
become  vedon 
bed  ded 
beer  dd 

before  (in  place)  bifu,(in  time) 
bufu,  (in  quality)  bufii, 
(=in  the  presence  of)  kornil 
before  (conj.)  bi'ifo 
beforehand  biseo 
beg  begon 
beggar  lubegel 
begin  beginon 
Belgium  Beljdn 
belief  Jdod 


at  (near)  nebii,  len , (in  front 

attain  dageton  [of)  bifil 

attempt,  to  a.  blvfon 

August  jolid 

aunt  jiridk 

Australia  Talop 

Austria  L'dstdn 

author  (of  a book)  bukel 

autu  m n flukatim 

away  mofo 

axis  xab 


bell  gl'ok 
belong  londn 

below  (adv.)  diso , (prep)  distt 

beside  nebu 

besides  pld 

between  bevll 

bible  bib 

bill  (account)  noat,  (bank- 
bird  bod  [note)  noat 

birth  motof 

black  bldgik  * 

blessed  beatik 

blood  bind 

body  kop 

book  buk 

boot  but 

born  pemotik 

botany  planav 

both  bofik , b.  — and  e — e 

bottle  j Had 

box  bog,  (small)  b\)k 
boy  pul 

brave  lanimdlik 
bread  bod 


— il4  — 


break  blekon , b.  to  pieces  di- 
brewery bilen  [ blekon 

bridge  pan 
brief  blejik 
brilliant  nidik 

bring  blirion , b.  along  keblinbn , 
broad  md?&  [b.  out  deblinon 
brook 

brother  blod , (in  an  order) 


cafe  fa/op 

calculate  kalon 

calendar  kaled 

call  vokon,  (name)  new 'on 

can  (gallon)  ken , I c.  kanob 

cap 

capital  katad,  (city)  #im/ 
card  fad,  playing  c.  fefad 
care  (looking  after)  fad, 
carry  polon  [caution)  kaut 
case  fal,  in  c.falo 
cash  fad 
cat  fa£ 

caterpillar  lupab 
cause  fad,  to  c.  kodbn 
cavalry-man  jevalel 
celebrated  mdkabik 
cellar  kav 
center  zenod 
century  yelatum 
certain  zeladik , a c,  semik 
certainly  ( expectantly  ) ye , 
(answer)  lesi 
chamber  cemil , smacem 
champion  komipel 


build  buw'dn 
building  bumat 
bush  (shrub)  smabim . 
business  jdf 

but  a&,  (after  negation)  sod 
butter  mife# 
butterfly  pad 
buy  lemon 
by  /a,  ( near)  Id 


change  cen.  (money)  ean,  (al- 
teration) vot , c.  of  place 
votop , c.  of  time  votiip 
charge  (debit)  fa£ad 
cheap  nedelidik 
chemistry  kiem 
chief  cif]  (adj).  expressed  by 
child  cil  \le-  or  yle - 

China  Oman 
Christian  kritik , a c*  krit 
church  glvg 
cigar  fa/ad 
cigarette  smazigad 
citizen  sif 
city  zif  ' 
civilization  kuliv 
class  klad 
clay  taim 

clean  klinik , to  c.  klinon 
clear  (lucid)  klilik , (loud) 
kleilik , (limpid)  fa/k'fc 

clock 

close  kikon,  c.  by  nito 
cloth  fa>/,  (material) 
clothes  klotad 


— 115  — 


coat  gud 
cock  gok 
coffee  kaf 
coin  kon 

cold  (noun)  kalod , (adj.)  ka- 
colonial  kolunik  [ lodik 

colony  kolun 
color  kol 
combat  komip 
come  komon 
command  bud 
commerce  ted 
commercial  tedik 
communication  nun 
company  kopan , (mercantile) 
kopanom , in  the  e*  of  sogu 
compel  muion , be  compelled 
complaint  plon  [to  muton 
complete  lefulnik 
comprehend  suemon 
concerning  tefil 
condition  likdf \ stad 
connection  fetan 
conquer  vikodbn 
consequently  sikod 
consider  mediton 
consolation  tlod 
construct  stukon 

daily  delik , (adv»)  vcidelo 
dampness  vatbf 
dare  dcdbn,  (have  courage) 
daughter  jison  [ kinbn 

day  del , every  d.  vddelo , to-day 
daytime,  in  the  d.  delo  \adelo 
dealer  tedel , d.  in  watches 
glokatedel 


consume  fegebon 
content  (satisfied)  kotenik 
contrary,  on  the  c*  abu 
cook  kukel , female  c.  jikuket , 
correspond  spodon  [toc.kvkbn 
cost,  to  c.  koston 
cottage  ludom 
count  numon , (calculate) 
Count  (title)  gab  [ [kalon 
country  (not  city)  laned , na- 
tive c,  fatdn 

courage  lanimdl , (daring) 
course,  of  c.  suemiko 
court  (persons)  codef , (place) 
codbf , (of  a sovran)  to 

cousin 

cover  to  c.  tegon 
create  jqfdri 
credit  klbdat 

crime  lesin,  (criminal  act) 
crop  [ klimadun 

cube  hub 
cup  bovil 
custom  slid 

customer  bonedel , regular  c, 
aibonedel 

cut  (with  edgetools)  kbton 

D. 

dear  (high  priced)  delidik, 
debit  bblad  [(beloved)  lofik 
debt  deb 

December  balsetelul  ( batul ) 
decide  (make  up  the  mind) 
deed  dun  [sludon 

deep  dibik 
degree  liten>  slep 


— 116  — 


deliver  (free)  livon 
deny  nesion 
describe  bepenon 
desire  desid,  to  d*  desidon 
destroy  distukon 
detail  detul 
devoted  divodik 
devour  lufidon 
dictionary  vodabuk 
die  deilon 
different  difik 
difficult  fikulik 
dinner  zendelafid 
direct  (straight)  stedik,  (im- 
mediate) nemedarvik , to  d. 
discover  datuvon  [ dugon 

discover}^  tuv,  datuv 
distinguished  sikik,  (fine)  fci- 
disturb  tupon  [nik 

E 

each  alik , (before  numerals) 
a,  e*  other  balvotik , balvoto 
ear  lil 
earth  tal 
east  lefud 
easy  nefikidik 

eat  jidbn,  (of  animals)  lufidbn 

education  daduk 

egg 

Egypt  A gilpcin 

eight  jol,  eighty  jols 

either  ufik , e.  — or  uf  — ud 

election  veil 

emperor  limep 

empty  vagik 

end  fin,  to  e.finon 


divide  nindilem, 
division  nindilam 
do  durion , do  without  nelabon 
doctor  dokel 

dog  dog.  female  d.jidog 
dollar  doab 

domestic  domik,  (servant)  dii- 
door  yan  [nel 

doubt  dot 
draw  (pull)  zug'dn 
dread  tlep 

dress  kloi , to  d.  kloton 
drink  dlin , to  d.  dlirion 
drive  mofon , (push)  dlarion , 
d.  back  gedlanon 
drop  tot * to  d.  (fall)  falbn 
during  da 
duty 

dwell  Zod<m 


endure  gttfon 
enemy  neflen 

engine  cin,  steam  e.  stemadn 
England  Nelij(dn) 

English  nelijik 
Englishman  nelijel 
enjoy  juiton 
enormous  legletik 
enough  (adj.)  sdtik.  (adv«) 
entire  lolik  [ sat # 

equality  leig 
error  polub 
especially  pat(ik)o 
establishment  stit 
esteem  stum,  leetum 
eternity  tepal 


— 117  — 


Europe  Yidop 

European  yulopik , a.  E.  yulo- 
even  (adv  ) sago  [ pel 

evening  vendel,  in  the  e.  ven- 
delo , this  e.  avendelo 
ever  evelo 

©very  alik}  e.  thing  valikos 
evil  (adj.)  i>adi/c 
exaggerate  tudunon 


fable  fab 
face  logod 
fact  jen 

factory  fablud  [falim 

failure  neplop , (commercial) 
faith  (belief)  (fidelity) 
faith  ful  fiedik  [fled 

fall  fal,  (autumn)  flukatim 
false  (untrue)  nevelatik , (un- 
fancy/cm [faithful)  nefiedik 
far  fagik , (adv.)  /ago,  so  f. 
father /a^,  f. -in-law  [jimu 
fault  (mistake)  pok 
favor  <70^,  in  f.  of  gonu 
fear  died 
February  telvl 
federation  fed 
feel  senon 
festival  zel 
few  nemodiks 
field  fd,  ( cultivated)  feil 
fifty  luls 

fight  komip,  to  f.  komipbn 
finally  fino 

find  tuvj  to  find  tuvon 
fine  feinik,  fbnik 


examination  xam 
example  sam , for  e*  as  sam 
excellent  b izugi k 
exertion  tub 
existence  sibin 
explore  davestigun 
extend  setenon 
exterior  senedik , an  e.  sened 
eye  log 

F. 

finger  fined 

fire (conflagration)  filed 
firm  (name)  jSam,  (business) 
tedadom 

first  balidj  in  the  first  place 
balido , for  the  f.  time  baludo 
fish  fit 

five  lid , a f.  ($5-bill)  lulel 

flag  lestdn 

flee  fugbn 

flour  meil 

flower 

fly  (insect)  fi/itav,  to  f . flitbn 
follow  sukon 

food  zib  [ futo 

foot  /wt,  (measure)  fat,  afoot 

for  (prep.)  p/o  (before  o pfe) 

for  (conj.)  ifro  [(since)  -sfs 

forbid  neddlon 

force  ncim , to  fi  (compel) 

foreigner  fogin  el  [ muton 

forenoon  bvzendel 

forest  fot 

forget  fogetbn 

forgive  fbgivon 

former  biljik,  vonik 


— 118  — 


formerly  vbniko 
fortunate  labile 
fortunately  l .bo 
forty  fols' 

forward  f'oi,  to  f.  (send)  sedan, 
(help  along)  fbdon 
foundation  stab 
four  fol 
fox  foxaf 

franc  (money)  fran 
France  Flent(dn) 
freedom  lib 

freeze  (be  cold)  flodbn,  (form 
French  flentik  [ice)  jloton 

G. 

garden  gad , g.  tools  gadom 
gardner  gadel 
gas  gasin 
gate  leyan 

general  valodik,  a g.  genal , in 
geography  taled  [g.  valemo 

geology  talav 

German  deutih , a G,  deutel 
G er m any  Deut(Jin ) 
get  geton , (become)  vedon 
gigantik  gianik 
guljipul 
give  givon 
glass  glcit 

go  #oZon,  go  away  mogolbn 
God  God 


half  lafik , a h.  Za/ 
ham  mev  fog 
hand  nam 


Frenchman  flentcl 

frequently  o/m 

Friday  mdludel 

friend  flen,  female  f.  jiflen 

friendliness  flenbf 

friendship  flenug 

fright  tlep,  jek 

from  de,  (out  of)  se 

fruit  (in  general)  fluk , (of 

iwWfulik  [trees)  pom 

fund  fun 

further  fdlo,  to  i.fodbn 

furniture  mob 

future  fudik,  the  f.  fuden 


gold  goliid , of  g,  goludik 
good  gudik 

grain  (kernel)  glen , (corn)  </Zem 
grape  luf  g.  vine 
grasp  suemon 
grass  yeb 

great  gletik , G*  Britain  Crtefrx- 
Greece  Glik(dn ) [6ro£an 

Greek  glikik,  a G.  glikel 
green  glunik 
greet  glidon 
grow  glofon 
guest  lot 

guide  dukel,  to  g.  dukon 
guilt  deb 
gun  gun 

H. 

handsome  jonik 
handwriting  namapen 
happen  jerion,  zidon 


119  — 


happy  (fortunate)  labile 
hard  dujik  [(blessed)  beatile 
hardly  t’dbo 
hare  liev 

harmonious  baladik 
haste  spid 
hat  hat 
have  labon 

he  om  [ cifel 

head  kap , h.  of  a department 
health  saun , in  good  h*  saunik 
hear  lilon 
heart  lad 
heat  hit 

heaven  (sky)  siL  (spiritual) 
heavy  vetik  [sul 

helmet  lehdt 
help  yuf,  to  h.  yufbn 
hen  jigok 

hence  (from  here)  isa , (there- 
fore) sikod , (wherefore) 
her  ofik , h.  own  okik  [kelkod 
here  is,  h.  is  (or  are)  eko 
herself  (object)  oki,  oke , (subj.) 
hiding  place  slupop  [it 

high  geilik 

hill  smabel  [ ( su bj . ) it 

himself  (object)  oki , oke , 


I ob 

ice  glad 
idle  nedutik 

if  if , as  if  even  if  iji 
image  mag 
immense  legletik 
impossible  nemogik 


hind  jistdg 

Hindu  nidiinel 

his  omik , h.  own  okik 

history  jen , (science)  jenav 

hit  dlefon 

hither  m 

holiday  zeladel 

Holland  Nedcin 

home  lorn,  at  h.  lomo , domo 

honor  s£i/n,  to  h.  stimbn 

hope  spel , to  h.  spelon 

horse  jeval 

horseman  m.onitel 

hotel  loted 

hour  diip 

house  dom 

how  K&o  f (with  adj.  or  ad v.) 
human  menik  [ lio 

humane  mendlik 
humanity  (mankind)  menad , 
(benevolence)  mendl 
hundred  turn 
Hungary  Nugdn 
hungry  pbtutik 
hunt  yag,  to  h.  yagon 
hunter  yagel 
hurry  up  spidbn 
husband  motel 

I. 

in  m,  into  ini 

increase  (in  size)  gletam , (in 
[number)  modam 
independent  itik 
India  Niddn 

Indian  niddnik , American  I, 
industrious  dutik  [nidian 


— 120  — 


industry  (application)  dut, 
(business)  dustod 
inform  nun  on 
information  nun 
inhabit  lo  don 
inhabitant  ninlbdel 
ink  nig 

inn  lotop  [instance  as  sam 
instance  (example)  sam,  for. 
instant  timil,  (adj.)  timilih 
instead  of  pla 
instrument  stum 
instruction  tid 
insure  sefon 

J. 

January  baltd 
jew  yudel 
joke  cog 

journal  (paper)  bled , gased 
journey  tdv 
joy  mi 

judge  codel , to  j.  codon 


investigate  vestigon 
intelligence  kapdl 
intelligible  suemik 
intend  desdnbn 
international  bevunetik 
invalid  raalddikel , jimalddikel 
invent  (by  thinking)  datilcon . 

(by  experiment)  datuvon 
invite  vudon 
invoice  noat 
iron  lei 
island  nisul 
it  os 

Italy  Tdl(dn) 


July  velul 
June  mdlul 
jurisprudence  gitav 
j urist  gitavel 

just  (equitable)  gidik , (legal) 
gitik , (exactly)  ebo 
justice  cod,  (judge)  codel 

K. 


keep  kipbn 
key  kik 
kill  furion 

kind  (sort)  bid , (good)  gudlik 
kindness  gudof 
king  reg 

kingdom  regakindn 
labor  vob 

laborer  vobel,  female  1 . jivobel 
lady  lad 


kiss  kid,  to  k.  kidbn 
kitchen  kvk 
kitten  kaiil 
knee  kien 
knife  neif 

know  nolbn , (be  acquainted 
knowledge  nol  [with)  sevon 

L. 

lake  lak 

lament  yam 

land  lan , to  1.  Idnbn 


— 121 


language  p'nk 
large  glelik 
last  latik,  at  1 .fino 
late  (tardy)  latik 
laugh  siuil,  to  1.  smilbn 
law  git,  (enactment)  Ion 
laziness  nedut 

lead,  to  1,  dulcdn , 1.  astray 
learn  lenadon  [feduyon 

least  lunun,  at  1.  luu.no 
leather  skit 

leave  geletdn , (go  away)  Idvdn 
left  (hand)  nedet , (adj.)  nedc - 
lend  lugivdn  [ tik 

length  lowed 
less  luum 
lesson  sugiv 
let  (allow)  letun 
letter  (of  the  alphabet)  tonal) 
(correspondence)  pened 
liberty  lib 


library  bukakolet 
lie  (untruth)  necelad , (be  sit- 
life  lif  [uated)  seiston 

lifetime  lift) p 

light  (noun)  lit , (adj.  notdark) 
litik,  (not  heavy)  leitik 
lightning  lelit  [(adv.)  as 

like  leiyik , (similar)  sumik , 
like,  to  L pi  it  don , lofon 
limb  lim  [ dik , (adv.)  nembdo 
little  smalik , a 1.  (adj.)  nemo- 
live  lif  on,  (dwell)  fecfem 
lock  kikam , to  1.  jfcifcon 
logic  tikav 

long  lone  dik,  a L time  lonedo , 
losspoZiid  [1.  ago  lonedotimo 
love  16 f,  to  1. 

lovely  lofiik  [high)  foapifc 
low  (not  loud)  (not 

lower  (not  upper)  dmfc 
luck  Zofe 


M. 


machine  cin 
maid-ser  van  t j id  unel 
mail  (post)  pot 

main,  expressed  by  the  prefix 
mainland  find  in  [ yle - or  fe- 

rn a jority  mini  an  uni 
make  mek'on  [man)  man 
man  (human)  men , (not  wo- 
mankind me  i tad 
manner  (mode)  mod 
m anu fact u re  nam'd t 
many  mo  dik,  many  a teldik , 
how  many  lirnddik 
march  malek , (month)  fc/M 


mark  (sign)  maZ,  (money)  mak 
marriage  mat 

master  masel , grand  m.  lema~ 
mathematics  gletav  [sel 

mature  rnadik 

may  (I  m.)  mdgdn , (month) 
meadow  meul  [lulul 

meal  fid , (flour)  meil 
means  med , by  in.  of  me,  efe&, 
by  no  m.  fcno 
meanwhile  bevuno 
measure  maf  [ence)  medinav 
medicine  media , (medical  sci- 
memory  mem 


— 122 


mention  nomodon 
merchandise  can 
merchant  ted  el 
meter  (measure)  met 
mighty  stenudik 
mile  hoi 

milk  milig , to  m.  tcton 
million  ballon 
mind  tik  i 

mineralogy  minav  [verb) 
mingle  migon  oki  (reflexive 
minute  (60  seconds)  minut 
Miss  vomiil 

miss  (not  have)  nelabon 
mistake  pbk 
Mr.  sol 
Mrs*  lad 
mix  migon 
mode  bid,  mod 
moment  timil 
Monday  teludel 

N 

name  nem,  in  the  n.  of  nemu ; 

to  n.  (call)  nemon,  (men- 
nation  net  [tion)  nomodon 
naturalist  natavel  [natav 
nature  nat , natural  science 
near  (adj.)  nilik,  (prep.)  nilu, 
n.  by  len , nebu 
necessary  zesildik 
need  (need  of)  ned , (poverty) 
daleb , to  n.  nedon , be  in 
needle  nad  [n.  dalebon 

needy  (poor)  dalebik 
neither  - norm  — ni 
new  mdik 


monkey  lep 
month  mid 
moon  mun 
morals  slid 

more  umo,  pin  (adj.)  modikum 
morning  gbdel,  in  the  m.  to- 
morrow odel,  to  m.  odelo  [ delo 
most  uno 

mother  mot , m. -in-law  lumot 
motion  mnfam 

mountain  bd,  m.  range  belem 
mourning  lug 
mouth  mud 
move  mufon 

m oven) ent  muf  [nwdo 

much  (adj.)  mbdik,  (adv.) 
murder  molod , to  m.  mblodon 
music  musig 
must  (I  m.)  mutbn 
my  oblk 

myself  (me)  obi,  obe,  (I)  it 


newspaper  gased 
next  to  nebil 
neighbor  nilel 
nerve  nev 
nest  smabed 

never  nevelo  [ avendelo 

night  neit , at  n.  neico , to  n. 

nine  zul , n.  times  zulna 

no  no,  (pron.)  nonik 

nobody  nek 

noon  zendel 

north  nolud 

North  America  NoL 

north  east  nolulefud 


— 123  — 


nose  mid  now  mi,  until  n . junu 

not  no,  n.  at  all  leno  nowhere  nesembpo 

notwithstanding  nest'd  number  num , to  n.  minion 

November  bakebalul  (babul')  nut  not 

o. 


object  (thing)  din,  (article) 
yeg,  (design)  disein 
obliged,  be  o.  to  mutbn 
obtain  dageton 

occasion  zit,  on  some  other  o. 

occur  zidon  [ votikna 

October  balsnl 

of  de , do,  out  of  se 

office  (function)  cal , (room) 

often  ofen  \konod 

oil  leill 

old  bdledik 

on  su,  len 

once  balna,  (at  one  time)  vb- 
no,  at  o.  foviko 


pack,  p.  up,  pi  ikon 
pain  dol 
palace  ledom 
palm  (tree)  pam 
paper  pop 

part  dil,  partly  dilo 
particular  patik 
pass  (mountain  gorge)  loveg , 
to  p.  by  beigolbn , pass 
away  fegolbn 
paste  kleb , to  p.  klebbn 
pay  pelon 
pea  yil 
peace  pud 


one  bal,  (indef.  pron.)  on,  (a 
one’s  onik,  [certain)  sernik 
only  (adj.)  lebalik,  (adv.)  te 
or  u (before  vowels  vd) 
order  (arrangement)  leod, 
(thing  ordered)  boned, , 
(command)  biid 
origin  rig 

other  votik,  each  o.  balvotik 
ought  sbtbn 
our  obsik 

ourselves  (us)  obsi , obse , (we) 
out  of  se  in 
over  ove,  ovi , ovii , lop'd , sus 
owe  debbn 


pear  bun 
pen  pen 

people  (nation)  net , (com- 
mon p.)  pop,  (men)  mens 
perish  fegolbn 
permit  ddlon 
person  pbsod 
philology  pdkav 
philosophy  filosop 
physician  sand 
picture  mag 

place  plad,  (locality)  top , to 
p»  plad, bn,  seiton , take  p. 
yeton,  %%ton 


— 124  — 


plain  (surface)  kam>  (clear) 

plan  disin  [klil/ik 

plant  plan 

plate  smaboo 

play  pled 

please  plidon 

pleasure  gdlod 

pluck  plokbn 

pocket  poky  p.  book  bob 

poet  poedely  great  p.  poedal 

poetry  poedy  (poem)  poedat 

politics  bolit 

poor  pdjik 

position  seity  (employment) 
possession  labed  \c<il 

possible  mogik 

post  (mail)  po£,  p.  office  po- 
potato  potet  [tastit 

pouch  sak 

pour  gif  bn  y p.  in  ningifon 
poverty  pdf,  extreme  p*  daleb 
powder  pur 
praise  loby  to  p.  lobon 
pray  begon,  (to  God)  plekbn 
preceding  bafik 


quality  likof 
quantity  limodbf 
quarter  (l)  fold'd 
quartet  folum 


railway  lelod, 
rain  lomib 
read  liladbn 


precise  fumlk 

prefer  bizugon  [nibkon 

prepare  plepcdony  (make  up) 
present  (now  existing)  nuiky 
(on  hand)  plisenik 
president  bisiedely  ( of  a repub- 
lic)  hi  dedal 

previous  biijiky  p.  to  b'nfa 
prey  lapin 
price  (value)  vdlad 
pride  pleid 
print  bvkbn 
probably  bciy  bo 
prohibit  neddlbn 
prolong  lonedibn 
prominent  sikik 
promise  pbmety  to  p.  pbmetbn 
proof  blbf 
property  lah 
protection  jel 

prudent  (wise)  visediky  (care- 
pull  zugbn  [ ful)  kautik 

punish  ponbn 

purpose  demiy  diseviiy  for  the 
pyramid  pir  [p.  of  diseinu 

■Q. 

queen  jireg 
question  sak 
quick  fovik 

quiet  stiliky  be  q.  taken 

R. 

reason  (cause)  kody  by  r.  of 
koduy  for  the  reason  that 

bf  ibo 


125  — 


receipt  hit 
recollect  memon 
red  ledik 

reflect  (consider)  mediton 
reluse  nesion 

regarding  do,  (in  regard  to) 
regular  nomik  \_tefv 

rejoice  galon 
relate  konon 

relation  (connection)  fetan 
reliable  (precise)  filmi k 
religion  rel 

remain  (be  left)  palemdnon , 
(stay)  blibon,  stedbn 
remember  memon 
remind  mebbn 
rent  kodut 
repetition  denuam 
reply  gesag , to  r.  gesagbn 
republic  publig 
repulse  gedlanbn 
rescue  savbn 

s 

sack  sak 

safe  sefik 

sale  sel 

salt  sal 

same  ot 

sand  sab 

Saturday  veladel 

save  (spare)  spdlbn,  (rescue) 

Saxony  Saxdn  [ savon 

say  sagon 

scale  (gradation)  slep , (bal- 
school  jul  [ence)  vcltab 


resemble  leigon  [ monamed 

resource  med , pecuniary  r. 
rest  taked,  to  i\  takedon,  (re- 
result sek  [mainder)  lemon 
retail  detul 

return  (give  back)  gegivon , 
(go  back)  gevegon,  getd- 
von,  (come  back)  geko- 
rich  liegik  [ mon 

right  (just)  gitik,  (correct) 
liver flum  [yeldtik,  i\  hand  detik 
road  veg 
rob  lapinon 
rock  klif 

Roman  romik , a R.  romel 
room  cem 
root  vul 
rose  lol 

rule  nom,  to  r.  (reign  regon 
run  gonon 
Russia  Lusdn 


sea  mel 

search  suk,  to  s,  svkbn 
season  yelatim 
seat  sied 

second  telid,  (time)  sekun 

see  logon , (visit)  visiton 

seed  sid 

seek  svkon 

seem  jinon 

seize  sumon 

select  sevdlbn 

self  it 


sell  selon 

semester  lafayel  [off  desedon 

send  sedon . (by  mail )potbn,  s. 

sense  sien , (understanding) 

sentence  set  [sidm 

separate  dabcdik 

September  zulul 

servant  dunan , (domestic) 

seven  seventy  vels  [ dunel 

several  modumiks 

sew  ndgon 

shade jad 

shame  jem 

she  of 

sheep  jip 

ship  na/ 

shirt  jit 

shoe  juk 

shoot  juton 

shore  jol 

sick  malddik 

sign  mal , to  s.  disopenbn 

signature  disopendd 

Silesia  Jlesdn 

silk  satin 

silver  silef 

similar  leigik , sumik 
simple  6a® 
sin  $m 

since  (prep.)  sis,  (adv.)  siso, 
sing  kaniton  [(because)  hi 
single  dabalik 
sir  sol 

sister  jiblod 
sit  siedon 

situated,  be  s.  seiston 
six  mdlj  sixty  mdls 


size  (largeness)  glet 
skate  gladajukbn 
skill  slcil 
sky  sil 
slave  slaf 

sleep  slip,  to  s*  slipon 
small  smalik 
smell  smel 

smile  smul,  to  s.  smulon 
smoke  smok , to  s.  smokbn 
snake  snek 

snow  nif  it  snows  nifos 
society  (company)  sog , (asso- 
soldier  solat  [ciation)  Iclub 
sole  (only)  lebalik 
solitary  soalik 

some  (adj.)  rmi,  (noun)  ans, 
s.  or  other  sernbal 
somebody  ek 
something  bos 
sometimes  sotimo 
somewhere  sembpo 
son  son 

soon  sunOj  as  s.  as.  sosus 
soul  lan 

sound  (single)  ton , (physics) 
tonod , (healthy)  saunik 
soup  sup 
south  sulud 

South  America  Sulimelop 
southwest  sidiivesud, 
space  spad 
Spain  Span 
spare  spalon 
sparrow  spar 
speak  pukon 
species  bid 


— 127  — 


spirit  tikcil,  (fore)  lanim 
spread  pakon 

spring  (well)  fon , (season) 
stand,  to  s.  station  [ flolatim 

stag  stag 
star  stel 

state  (condition)  stad , (body 
stay  blibon , stebon  [politic)  tat 
steal  tifon 
steam  stem 
stem  stam 

step  (grade)  step,  foot  st.  step 
step-father  lufat 
still  (quiet)  stilik,  (yet)  nog 
stone  ston 

stop  stopon , (cease)  jotem 
store  (shop)  lemacem 
storm  (tempest)  tep,  (bad 
weather)  lustom 
story  (tale)  (folk-lore) 

mdr,  (untruth)  te^sop , 
straight  stedifc  [(floor)  stefc 
straw  ste? 

T 

table  tab 
take  sumon 
tardy  latik , be  t.  latbn 
task  sugiv 

taste  (sense)  smek , (sample) 
tea  teed  [(/ite,  good  t. 
teach  tidon 

teacher  tiael , female  t.  jitidel 
tell  sagon 

ten  6ate,  a t,  ($10-bill)  bolsel 
test  Wt// 


street  sid,  pricipal  s.  glesut 

strength  stenud 

stretch  tenon 

strike  flopon 

strong  stenudik 

student  stud  el 

study  stud,  to  s.  studon 

st}de  still 

succeed  (follow)  sukon , (have 
success)  plopbn one (l  have 
succeeded  eplopos  obe) 
such  (noun)  som , (adj.)  somik 
suffer  sujon 
suffice  sdton 
sum  (total)  suam 
summer  hitatim 
sun  sol 

Sunday  baludel 
supper  vendelafid 
Sweden  Sved(an ) 

S w i tzerl  an  d Jveiz(dn) 
sword  glaf 


than  ka 

thank  dation  [ kel 

that  (that  one)  et , ut,  (which) 
that  (conj).  das,  in  order  t. 
theater  teat  [ dat , so  t.  sodas 

theft  taf 

their  (men’s)  omsik , (wo- 
men’s) ofsik,  th.  own  oksik 
themselves  (them)  okis , ofces, 
theologian  godavel  [(they)  it- 
there  us 


128  — 


therefore  sikod 

they  (men)  oms , (women)  ofs 

thief  tifel 

thing  din 

think  tikon 

third  kilid 

thirsty  nelumik , be  t.  nelumon 
thirty  kils 
this  at 

thorough  stabile 
thou  61 
though  do 
thought  tik 

thousand  mil,  t.  times  milna 
three  kil,  t.  times  kilna 
through  da,  (by  means  of)  dab 
thunder  tot 
Thuringia  Turdn 
Thursday  luludel 
thus  so 
thy  olik 

ticket  zot,  entrance  t.  biliet 
till  ju 
time  tim 
tired  fenik 

u 

ugly  hetlik 
uncle  nok 

under  dis,  (adv.)  diso 
undersigned,  the  u.  disopenbl 
understand  kapdlon 
unfortunately  neldbo 
union  balad  [ pebalol ) 

United  States  Pebaltats  ( Tats 


to  al , (into)  ini 
tone  ton 
tongue  lineg 
too  tu 
tool  stum 

tooth  tut  [son)  kol 

toward  (a  place)  al,  (a  per- 
trade  (commerce)  ted,  (occu- 
pation) namun,  feb 
translate  lovepolon 
travel  tdv,  to  t tdvon 
tree  bim 

trial  (attempt)  bluf 
triple  kilik 

trouble  tob  [fill)  jiedik 

true  (truthful)  velatik,  (faith- 
truly  vo,  yours  t.  divodikim 
olik  or  olsik 

trunk  (stem)  stam,  (box) 

truth  velat  [ komfed 

Tuesday  kilvdel 

turn  tulon 

twenty  tels 

two  tel,  twice  telna 


universal  valodik 
universe  val 
university  reiver 
until  jit,  (conj.)  jils 
up  sim,  (upwards)  susi 
upper  lopik 
use  geb,  to  u.  gebon 
useful  pofndik 


— 129  - 


V. 


valley  nebel 
value  volad 
vengeance  vindit 
very  vemo 
vice  Him 
vicinity  nil 
victory  vikod 


view  lukilogam 
village  pag 
virtue  tug 

visit  visit,  to  v.  visiton 
vocabulary  vodalised 
voice  vog 
volcano  filabel 

w. 


wagon  vab 
wait  valadon 
waiter  hotel 

walk  (for  pleasure)  spat , take 
a w.  spaton , to  walk  futelon 
walker  futel 
wall  mon 

want  (not  have)  nelabon , 
Avar  klig  [(wish)  vipon 

warm  vamik 
wash  vatukon 

watch  (timepiece)  glok , poka- 
water  vat  [ glok 

way  veg,  be  on  the  way  vegbn 
we  obs 
wealth  lieg 
weapon  vaf 
weather  stom 
wedding  mated 
Wednesday  foludel 
week  vig,  this  w.  avigo , w. 
weight  vet  [after  next  uvigo 
well  gudiko , beno,  (in  good 
health)  saunik , very  w. 
west  vesud  [lebeno 


wet  luimik  [ kelup 

when  kmp  ? (at  which  time) 
when  (conj.)  ven,  (after)  nag 
whence  kibpa  f 
whenever  aikelup 
where  ki’dp?  (at  which  place) 
wherever  aikelop  [ kelbp 

whether  va 

which  (adj.)  kin i,  kif?  (w.  in 
order)  kimid?  (that)  kel 
while,  a little  w.  timilo , (conj.) 
white  vietik  [ du 

whither  kiopi  ? 
who  kim?  kif  ? (that)  kel 
whoever  aikel  [ valiko 

whole  lolik,  on  the  w.  lolo , 
why  kikod  ? (for  which  rea- 
wirie  veitik  [son)  kelkod 

wife  jimatel 
wild  foetik 

will  vil,  be  willing  vilbn 
willingly  viliko 
wind  vien 
wine  vin 
winter  nifatim 


— 130  — 


wisdom  sap  [ling)  vilon 

wish  vip ; to  w.  vipon , (be  wil- 
with  ko  (before  o ke ),  (by 
means  of)  me 

without  nen , (conj.)  nendas 
woman  vom 

womanly  vomik  [ fot 

wood  (material)  boad , (forest) 

Y 

year,  every  y.  vciyelo , this  y* 
yellow  yelibik  \_ayelo 

yes  si,  y.  indeed  lesi 
yesterday  ddelo , day  before 
yet  nog  [y.  edelo 


zeal  zii 
zealous  zilik 
zero  nosanum 


woolen  lainik 
word  vod 

work  vob , to  w.  vofeon 
world  voi 

wround  vun)  to  w.  vunon 
write  penon 

wrong  (unjust)  negitik,  (in- 
correct) vddik 


yonder  us 

you  (sing*)  ol,  ons , (plui\)  oZs, 
young  yun  [ ons 

your  olik , olsik , owsifc 
youth  2/wi,  a y.  yunel 


zone  zon 

zoologist  nimavel 
zoology  nimav 


/ 


w 


im 


m 


